Page 106 The Official Phreaker's Manual SHE WILL NEVER QUESTION A CALL AS LONG AS THE CALL IS WITHIN HER SERVICE AREA. SHE CAN ONLY BE REACHED VIA OTHER OPERATORS OR BY A BLUE BOX. FROM A BB, YOU WOULD DIAL KP+NPA+121+ST FOR THE INWARD OPERATOR THAT WILL HELP YOU CONNECT ANY CALLS WITHIN THAT NPA AREA ONLY. (BLUE BOXING WILL BE DISCUSSED IN A FUTURE PART OF BASIC TELCOM) DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE OPERATOR: ____________________________________________________________ THIS IS THE OPERATOR THAT YOU ARE CONNECTED TO WHEN YOU DIAL: 411 OR NPA-555-1212. SHE DOES NOT READILY KNOW WHERE YOU ARE CALLING FROM. SHE DOES NOT HAVE ACCESS TO UNLISTED #'S, BUT SHE DOES KNOW IF AN UNLISTED # EXISTS FOR A CERTAIN LISTING. THERE IS ALSO A DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE FOR DEAF PEOPLE WHO USE TELETYPEWRITERS IF YOU MODEM CAN TRANSFER BAUDOT (THE APPLE CAT CAN), THEN YOU CAN CALL HER UP AND HAVE AN INTERESTING CONVERSATION WITH HER. THE # IS:800/855-1155. SHE USES THE STANDARD TELEX ABBREVIATIONS SUCH AS GA FOR GO AHEAD. THEY TEND TO BE NICER & WILL TALK LONGER THAN YOUR REGULAR OPERATORS. ALSO, THEY ARE MORE VULNERABLE INTO BEING TALKED OUT OF INFORMATION THROUGH THE PROCESS OF "SOCIAL ENGINEERING" AS CHESHIRE CATALYST WOULD PUT IT. OTHER OPERATORS HAVE ACCESS TO THEIR OWN DA BY DIALING KP+NPA+131+ST (MF). THIS IS A LITTLE OUT OF THE SCOPE OF THIS TUTORIAL, BUT MANY TELCO'S ARE NOW CHARGING FOR CALLS TO DIR. ASST. YOU CAN BEAT THIS BY: (1) COUNT HOW MANY CALLS YOU MAKE TO DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE IN A BILLING PERIOD. GO TO A FORTRESS FONE & DIAL DA. WHEN THE OPERATOR COMES ON, GIVE HER A NAME THAT YOU KNOW HAS AN UNLISTED # OR ASK FOR A TOWN THAT ISN'T IN THE NPA. SHE WILL THEN ASK FOR YOUR # SO SHE CAN CREDIT THE CALL TO YOU. GIVE HER YOUR HOME #, SHE DOESN'T KNOW THAT YOU ARE MAKING A FREE CALL FROM THE FORTRESS. JUST MAKE SURE THAT YOU DON'T CREDIT YOURSELF FOR MORE CALLS THAN YOU ACTUALLY MADE OR YOU MIGHT HAVE A FEW PROBLEMS! (2) IF YOU HAVE A BAUDOT TERMINAL, USE THE 800 #, IT'S FREE & THERE IS ONE # FOR ALL REQUESTS. C/NA OPERATORS: ____________________________________________________________ C/NA OPERATORS ARE OPERATORS THAT DO EXACTLY THE OPPOSITE OF WHAT DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE OPERATORS ARE FOR. SEE PART II, FOR MORE INFO ON C/NA & #'S. IN MY EXPERIENCES, THESE OPERATORS KNOW MORE THAN THE DA OP'S DO & THEY ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO "SOCIAL ENGINEERING." IT IS POSSIBLE TO BULLSHIT A C/NA OPERATOR FOR THE NON-PUB DA # (IE, YOU GIVE THEM THE NAME & THEY GIVE YOU THE UNLISTED #). THIS IS DUE TO THE FACT THAT THEY ASSUME YOUR ARE A PHELLOW COMPANY EMPLOYEE. INTERCEPT OPERATOR: ____________________________________________________________ THE INTERCEPT OPERATOR IS THE ONE THAT YOU ARE CONNECTED TO WHEN THERE ARE NOT ENOUGH RECORDINGS AVAILABLE TO TELL YOU THAT THE # HAS BEEN DISCONNECTED OR CHANGED. SHE USUALLY SAYS, "WHAT # YOU CALLIN' ? " WITH A FOREIGN ACCENT. THIS IS THE LOWEST OPERATOR LIFEFORM. EVEN THOUGH THEY DON'T KNOW WHERE YOU ARE CALLING FROM, IT IS A WASTE OF YOUR TIME TO TRY TO VERBALLY ABUSE THEM SINCE THEY USUALLY UNDERSTAND VERY LITTLE ENGLISH. Page 107 The Official Phreaker's Manual OTHER OPERATORS: ____________________________________________________________ AND THEN THERE ARE THE: MOBILE SHIP-TO-SHORE CONFERENCE MARINE VERIFY, "LEAVE WORD & CALL BACK," ROUT & RATE (KP+NPA+141+ST) & OTHER SPECIAL OPERATORS WHO HAVE ONE PURPOSE OR ANOTHER IN THE NETWORK. PROBLEMS WITH AN OPERATOR? ASK TO SPEAK TO THEIR SUPERVISOR... WHICH IS THE EQUIVALENT OF THE MADAME IN A WHOREHOUSE (IF YOU WILL EXCUSE THE ANALOGY). BY THE WAY, SOME CO'S THAT WILL ALLOW YOU TO DIAL A 1 OR 0 AS THE 4TH DIGIT, WILL ALSO ALLOW YOU TO CALL SPECIAL OPERATORS WITHOUT A BLUE BOX. THIS IS VERY RARE THOUGH! FOR EXAMPLE, 212-121-1111 WILL GET YOU A NY INWARD OPERATOR. OFFICE HIERARCHY <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> EVERY SWITCHING OFFICE OFFICE IN NORTH AMERICA (THE NPA SYSTEM), IS ASSIGNED AN OFFICE NAME & CLASS. THERE ARE FIVE CLASSES OF OFFICES NUMBERED 1 THROUGH 5. YOUR CO IS MOST LIKELY A CLASS 5 OR END OFFICE. ALL LONG-DISTANCE (TOLL) CALLS ARE SWITCHED BY A TOLL OFFICE WHICH CAN BE A CLASS 4, 3, 2, OR 1 OFFICE. THERE IS ALSO A 4X OFFICE CALLED AN INTERMEDIATE POINT. THE 4X OFFICE IS A DIGITAL ONE THAT CAN HAVE AN UNATTENDED EXCHANGE ATTACHED TO IT (KNOWN AS A REMOTE SWITCHING UNIT-RSU). THE FOLLOWING CHART WILL LIST THE OFFICE #, NAME, & HOW MANY OF THOSE OFFICES EXISTED IN NORTH AMERICA IN 1981. CLASS NAME ABB # EXISTING ----- ---------------- --- ------------ 1 REGIONAL CENTER RC 12 2 SECTIONAL CENTER SC 67 3 PRIMARY CENTER PC 230 4 TOLL CENTER TC 1,30 4P TOLL POINT TP ? 4X INTERMEDIATE PT IP ? 5 END OFFICE EO 19,000 R RSU RSU ? WHEN CONNECTING A CALL FROM ONE PARTY TO ANOTHER, THE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT USUALLY TRIES TO FIND THE SHORTEST ROUTE BETWEEN THE CLASS 5 END OFFICE OF THE CALLER & THE CLASS 5 END OFFICE OF THE CALLED PARTY. IF NO INTER-OFFICE TRUNKS EXIST BETWEEN THE 2 PARTIES, IT WILL THEN MOVE UPTO THE NEXT HIGHEST OFFICE FOR SERVICING (CLASS 4). IF THE CLASS 4 OFFICE CANNOT HANDLE THE CALL BY SENDING IT TO ANOTHER CLASS 4 OR 5 OFFICE, IT WILL BE SENT TO THE NEXT OFFICE IN THE HIERARCHY (3). THE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT FIRST USES THE HIGH-USAGE INTEROFFICE TRUNK GROUPS, IF THEY ARE BUSY IT THEN GOES TO THE FINAL TRUNK GROUPS ON THE NEXT HIGHEST LEVEL. IF THE CALL CANNOT BE CONNECTED THEN, YOU WILL PROBABLY GET A RE-ORDER (120IPM BUSY SIGNAL) SIGNAL. AT THIS TIME, THE GUYS AT NETWORK OPERATIONS ARE PROBABLY SHITTING IN THEIR PANTS AND TRYING TO AVOID THE DREADED NETWORK DREADLOCK (AS SEEN ON TV!). Page 108 The Official Phreaker's Manual IT IS ALSO INTERESTING TO NOTE THAT 9 CONNECTIONS IN TANDEM IS CALLED RING-AROUND-THE ROSY AND IT HAS NEVER OCCURRED IN TELEPHONE HISTORY. THIS WOULD CASE AN ENDLESS LOOP CONNECTION. [ A NEAT WAY TO REALLY SCREW-UP THE NETWORK]. THE 10 REGIONAL CENTERS IN THE US & THE 2 IN CANADA ARE ALL INTERCONNECTED. THEY FORM THE FOUNDATION OF THE ENTIRE TELEPHONE NETWORK. SINCE THERE ARE ONLY 12 OF THEM, THEY ARE LISTED BELOW: CLASS 1 REGIONAL OFFICE LOCATION NPA ---------------------------------- --- DALLAS 4 ESS 214 WAYNE, PA 215 DENVER 4T 303 REGINA NO.2 SP1-4W [CANADA] 306 ST. LOUIS 4T 314 ROCKDALE, GA 404 PITTSBURGH 4E 412 MONTREAL NO.1 4AETS [CANADA] 504 NORWICH, NY 607 SAN BERNARDINO, CA 714 NORWAY, IL 815 WHITE PLAINS 4T, NY 914 THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM DEMONSTRATES HOW THE VARIOUS OFFICES MAY BE CONNECTED: _________________________ _|_ _|_ _|_ REGIONAL | | | | | | OFFICES | 1 | <=--=> | 1 | <=--=> | 1 | <<==------ |___| |___| |___| | OTHERS\/ _________________|_______________________| _|_ _|_ _|_ _|__ _|_ | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | | 3 | | 4 | | 4P | | 5 | |___| |___| |___| |____| |___| | | | | |____ | _|__ | _|_ _|_ | __|_ _|_ \ | || || | || | |_____ | 3 || 4 || | 4X || 5 | _|__ _|_ |___||___|| |____||___|| || | | | | 4X || 5 | __|_ | |____||___| | ||_____________ | 5R | _______|_________ |____| | | | _|_ _|_ _|_ __|_ | | | | | | | | | R | | 4 | | 5 | | 5R | |___| |___| |___| |____| NOTE: THE PRECEDING DIAGRAM USED SPECIAL SYMBOLS FROM AN APPLE //E THAT MAY NOT BE VIEWED AS I INTENDED THEM IF YOU ARE NOT USING AN APPLE//E OR //C. SWITCHING EQUIPMENT Page 109 The Official Phreaker's Manual <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> IN THE NETWORK, THERE ARE 3 MAJOR TYPES OF SWITCHING EQUIPMENT. THEY ARE KNOWN AS: STEP, CROSSBAR, & ESS. STEP-BY-STEP (SXS) ____________________________________________________________ THE STEP-BY-STEP, A/K/A THE STROWGER SWITCH OR TWO-MOTION SWITCH, WAS INVENTED IN 1889 BY AN UNDERTAKER NAMED ALMON STROWGER. HE INVENTED THIS MECHANICAL SWITCHING EQUIPMENT BECAUSE HE FELT THAT THE BIASED OPERATOR WAS ROUTING ALL REQUESTS FOR AN 'UNDERTAKER' TO HER HUSBAND'S BUSINESS. BELL STARTED USING THIS SYSTEM IN 1918 AS OF 1978, OVER 53% OF THE BELL EXCHANGES USED THIS METHOD OF SWITCHING. STEP-BY-STEP SWITCHING IS CONTROLLED DIRECTLY BY THE DIAL PULSES WHICH MOVE A SERIES OF SWITCHES (CALLED THE SWITCH TRAIN) IN ORDER. WHEN YOU FIRST PICK UP THE FONE UNDER SXS, A LINEFINDER ACKNOWLEDGES THE REQUEST (SOONER OR LATER) BY SENDING A DIAL TONE. IF YOU THEN DIALED 1234, THE EQUIPMENT WOULD FIRST FIND AN IDLE SELECTOR SWITCH. IT WOULD THEN MOVE VERTICALLY 1 PULSE, IT WOULD THEN MOVE HORIZONTALLY TO FIND A FREE SECOND SELECTOR, IT WOULD THEN MOVE 2 VERTICAL PULSES, STEP HORIZONTALLY TO FIND THE NEXT SELECTOR, ETC. THUS THE FIRST SWITCH IN THE TRAIN TAKES NO DIGITS, THE SECOND SWITCH TAKES 1 DIGIT, THE THIRD SWITCH TAKES 1 DIGIT, & THE LAST SWITCH IN THE TRAIN (CALLED THE CONNECTOR) TAKES THE LAST 2 DIGITS & CONNECTS YOUR CALLS. A NORMAL (10,000 LINE) EXCHANGE REQUIRES 4 DIGITS (0000-9999) TO CONNECT A LOCAL CALL & THUS IT TAKES 4 SWITCHES TO CONNECT EVERY CALL (LINEFINDER, 1ST & 2ND SELECTORS, & THE CONNECTOR) . WHILE IT WAS THE FIRST, SXS SUCKS FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS: [1] THE SWITCHED OFTEN BECOME JAMMED THUS THE CALLS OFTEN BECOME BLOCKED. [2] YOU CAN'T USE DTMF (DUAL-TONE MULTI-FREQUENCY A/K/A TOUCH-TONE) DIRECTLY. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THE TELCO MAY HAVE INSTALLED A CONVERSION KIT BUT THEN THE CALLS WILL GO THROUGH JUST AS SLOW AS PULSE, ANYWAY! [3] THEY USE A LOT OF ELECTRICITY & MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE. (BAD FROM TELCO POINT OF VIEW) [4] EVERYTHING IS HARDWIRED. THEY CAN STILL HOOK UP PEN REGISTERS & OTHER SHIT ON THE LINE SO IT IS NOT EXACTLY A PHREAK HAVEN. YOU CAN IDENTIFY SXS OFFICES BY: (1) LACK OF DTMF OR PULSING DIGITS AFTER DIALING DTMF. (2) IF YOU GO NEAR THE CO, IT WILL SOUND LIKE A TYPEWRITER TESTING FACTORY. (3) LACK OF SPEED CALLING, CALL FORWARDING, & OTHER CUSTOMER SERVICES. (4) FORTRESS FONES THAT WANT YOUR MONEY FIRST (AS OPPOSED TO DIAL TONE FIRST ONES). THE PRECEDING DON'T NECESSARILY IMPLY THAT YOU HAVE SXS BUT THEY SURELY Page 110 The Official Phreaker's Manual GIVE EVIDENCE THAT IT MIGHT BE. ALSO, IF ANY OF THE ABOVE CHARACTERISTICS EXIST, IT CERTAINLY ISN'T ESS! ALSO, SXS HAVE PRETTY MUCH BEEN ERADICATED FROM LARGE METROPOLITAN AREAS SUCH AS NYC (212). CROSSBAR: ____________________________________________________________ THERE ARE 3 MAJOR TYPES OF CROSSBAR SYSTEMS CALLED: NO. 1 CROSSBAR (1XB), NO. 4 CROSSBAR (4XB), & NO. 5 CROSSBAR (5XB). 5XB HAS BEEN THE PRIMARY END OFFICE SWITCH OF BELL SINCE THE 60'S AND THUS IT IS IN WIDE-USE. CROSSBAR USES A COMMON CONTROL SWITCHING METHOD. WHEN THERE IS AN INCOMING CALL, A STORED PROGRAM DETERMINES ITS ROUTE THROUGH THE SWITCHING MATRIX. IN CROSSBAR, THE BASIC OPERATION PRINCIPLE IS THAT A HORIZONTAL & A VERTICAL LINE ARE ENERGIZED IN A MATRIX KNOWN AS THE CROSSPOINT MATRIX. THE POINT WHERE THESE 2 LINES MEET IN THE MATRIX IS THE CONNECTION. ESS ____________________________________________________________ ELECTRONIC SWITCHING SYSTEM (ESS) THE PHREAK'S NIGHTMARE COME TRUE (OR ORWELL'S PROPHECY AS 2600 PUTS IT) ESS IS BELL'S MOVE TOWARDS THE AIRSTRIP ONE SOCIETY DEPICTED IN ORWELL'S 1984. WITH ESS, EVERY SINGLE DIGIT THAT YOU DIAL IS RECORDED--EVEN IF IT IS A MISTAKE. THEY KNOW WHO YOU CALL, WHEN YOU CALL, HOW LONG YOU TALKED FOR, & PROBABLY WHAT YOU TALKED ABOUT (IN SOME CASES). ESS CAN (AND IS) ALSO PROGRAMMED TO PRINT OUT #'S OF PEOPLE WHO MAKE EXCESSIVE CALLS TO 800 #'S OR DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE. THIS IS CALLED THE "800 EXCEPTIONAL CALLING REPORT." ESS COULD ALSO BE PROGRAMMED TO PRINT OUT LOGS OF WHO CALLS CERTAIN #'S--LIKE A BOOKIE, A KNOWN COMMUNIST, A BBS, ETC THE THING TO REMEMBER WITH ESS IS THAT IT IS A SERIES OF PROGRAMS WORKING TOGETHER. THESE PROGRAMS CAN BE VERY EASILY CHANGED TO DO WHATEVER THEY WANT IT TO DO. ONE PHREAK WHOM I KNOW HAS SOME ESS SOURCE CODE LISTING WHICH IS INCREDIBLY COMPLEX (AS WELL AS DOCUMENTED--GRACIAS DIOS). THIS SYSTEM MAKES THE JOB OF BELL SECURITY, THE FBI, NSA, & OTHER ORGANIZATIONS THAT LIKE TO INVADE PRIVACY INCREDIBLY EASY. WITH ESS, TRACING IS DONE IN MICROSECONDS (EINE AUGENBLICK) & THE RESULTS ARE PRINTED AT THE CONSOLE OF A BELL GESTAPO OFFICER. ESS WILL ALSO PICK UP ANY "FOREIGN" TONES ON THE LINE SUCH AS 2600 HZ! BELL PREDICTS THAT THE COUNTRY WILL BECOME TOTALLY ESS BY THE 1990'S. YOU CAN IDENTIFY ESS BY THE FOLLOWING WHICH ARE USUALLY ESS FUNCTIONS: [1] DIALING 911 FOR HELP. [2] DIAL-TONE-FIRST FORTRESSES. [3] CUSTOM CALLING SERVICES SUCH AS:CALL FORWARDING, SPEED DIALING, & CALL WAITING. (ASK YOUR BUSINESS OFFICE IF YOU CAN GET THESE.) [4] ANI (AUTOMATIC NUMBER IDENTIFICATION) ON LD CALLS. PHREAKING DOES NOT COME TO A COMPLETE HALT UNDER ESS THOUGH--JUST BE VERY CAREFUL, THOUGH!!! DUE TO THE FACT THAT ESS SENDS A COMPUTER GENERATED "ARTIFICIAL RING," WHERE THE VOICE IS NOT CONNECTED DIRECTLY TO THE CALLED PARTIES LINE UNTIL HE Page 111 The Official Phreaker's Manual PICKS UP, BLACK BOXES & INFINITY TRANSMITTERS WILL NOT WORK! NOTE: ANOTHER INTERESTING WAY TO FIND OUT WHAT TYPE OF EQUIPMENT YOU ARE ON IS TO RAID THE TRASH CAN OF YOU LOCAL CO--THIS ART WILL DISCUSSED IN A SEPARATE ARTICLE SOON. COMING SOON: <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> IN THE PART V, WE WILL START TO TAKE A LOOK AT TELEPHONE ELECTRONICS. FURTHER READING: FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THE ABOVE TOPICS, I SUGGEST THE FOLLOWING: NOTES ON THE NETWORK, AT&T, 1980. UNDERSTANDING TELEPHONE ELECTRONICS,TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, 1983. AND SUBSCRIPTIONS TO: TAP, ROOM 603, 147 W 42 ST, NEW YORK, NY 10036. SUBSCRIPTIONS ARE $10/YEAR.#BACK ISSUES ARE $0.75. THE CURRENT ISSUES IS #90 (JAN/FEB 1984) 2600, BOX 752, MIDDLE ISLAND, NY 11953. SUBSCRIPTIONS ARE $10/YEAR. BACKISSUES ARE $1 EACH. THE CURRENT ISSUE IS #4 (APRIL 1984). THEY ARE BOTH EXCELLENT SOURCES OF ALL SORTS OF INFORMATION (PRIMARILY PHREAKING/HACKING). NOTE: FOR THE MOST PART, I HAVE ASSUMED THAT YOU HAVE READ MY PREVIOUS 3 COURSES IN THE BASIC TELCOM SERIES. HASTA LUEGO, *****BIOC *=$=*AGENT *****003 APRIL 13, 1984 [THE YEAR OF BIG BROTHER] <<=-FARGO 4A-=>> Page 112 The Official Phreaker's Manual ************* << BIOC AGENT 003'S COURSE IN >> ************* * * * $%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$ * * %$ BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS $% * * $%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$ * * PART V * * * ************************************************************ PREFACE: PREVIOUS INSTALLMENTS OF THIS SERIES WERE FOCUSED ON TELEPHONY FROM A NETWORK POINT-OF-VIEW. PART V WILL DEAL WITH TELEPHONE ELECTRONICS FOCUSING PRIMARILY ON THE SUBSCRIBER'S TELEPHONE. HERE-IN-AFTER SIMPLY REFERRED TO AS "FONE." WIRING: ____________________________________________________________ ASSUMING A STANDARD ONE-LINE FONE, THERE ARE USUALLY 4 WIRES THAT LEAD OUT OF THE FONE SET. THESE ARE STANDARDLY COLORED RED, GREEN, YELLOW, & BLACK. THE RED & GREEN SIRES ARE THE TWO THAT ARE ACTUALLY HOOKED UP TO YOUR CO. THE YELLOW WIRE IS SOMETIMES USED TO RING DIFFERENT FONES ON A PARTY LINE (IE, ONE #, SEVERAL FAMILIES--FOUND PRIMARILY IN RURAL AREAS WHERE THEY PAY LESS FOR THE SERVICE AND THEY DON'T USE THE FONE AS MUCH); OTHERWISE, THE YELLOW IS USUALLY JUST IGNORED. ON SOME TWO-LINE FONES, THE RED & GREEN WIRES ARE USED FOR THE FIRST FONE # AND THE YELLOW & BLACK ARE USED FOR THE SECOND LINE. IN THIS CASE THERE MUST BE AN INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL DEVICE THAT SWITCHES BETWEEN THE TWO LINES AND PROVIDES A HOLD FUNCTION. (SUCH AS RADIO SHACK'S OUTRAGEOUSLY PRICED 2 LINE & HOLD MODULE-9. IN TELEPHONY, THE RED & GREEN WIRES ARE OFTEN REFERRED TO AS TIP (T) & RING (R). THE TIP IS USUALLY THE MORE POSITIVE OF THE TWO WIRES. THIS NAMING GOES BACK TO THE OLD OPERATOR CORD BOARDS WHERE ONE OF THE WIRES WAS THE TIP OF THE PLUG AND THE OTHER WAS THE RING (OF THE BARREL). A ROTARY FONE (AKA DIAL OR PULSE) WILL WORK FINE REGARDLESS WHETHER THE RED (OR GREEN) WIRE IS CONNECTED THE TIP(+) OR RING(-). A TOUCH-TONE (TM) FONE IS A DIFFERENT STORY, THOUGH. IT WILL NOT WORK EXCEPT IF THE TIP(+) IS THE GREEN WIRE. [ALTHOUGH, SOME OF THE MORE EXPENSIVE DTMF FONES DO HAVE A RECTIFIER BRIDGE WHICH COMPENSATES FOR POLARITY REVERSAL.] THIS I WHY UNDER CERTAIN (NON-DIGITAL) SWITCHING EQUIPMENT YOU CAN REVERSE THE RED & GREEN WIRES ON A TOUCH-TONE FONE AND RECEIVE FREE DTMF SERVICE. EVEN THOUGH IT WON'T BREAK DIAL TONE, REVERSING THE WIRES ON A ROTARY LINE ON A DIGITAL SWITCH WILL CAUSE THE TONES TO BE GENERATED. VOLTAGES, ETC. ____________________________________________________________ WHEN YOUR TELEPHONE IS ON-HOOK (IE, HUNG UP) THERE IS APPROXIMATELY 48 VOLTS OF DC CURRENT (VDC) FLOWING THROUGH THE TIP & RING. WHEN THE HANDSET OF A FONE IS LIFTED A FEW SWITCHES CLOSE WHICH CAUSE A LOOP TO BE CONNECTED (KNOWN AS THE "LOCAL LOOP") BETWEEN YOUR FONE & THE CO. ONCE THIS HAPPENS DC CURRENT IS ABLE TO FLOW THROUGH THE FONE WITH LESS RESISTANCE. THIS CAUSES A RELAY TO ENERGIZE WHICH CAUSES OTHER CO EQUIPMENT TO REALIZE THAT YOU WANT SERVICE. EVENTUALLY, YOU SHOULD END UP WITH A DIAL TONE. THIS ALSO CAUSES THE 48 VDC TO DROP DOWN INTO THE VICINITY OF 13 VOLTS. THE RESISTANCE OF THE LOOP ALSO DROPS BELOW THE 2500 OHM LEVEL. Page 113 The Official Phreaker's Manual AS OF NOW, YOU ARE PROBABLY SAYING TO YOURSELF THAT THIS IS ALL NICE AND TECHNICAL BUT WHAT THE HELL GOOD IS THE INFORMATION. WELL, ALSO CONSIDER THAT THIS VOLTAGE (& RESISTANCE) DROP IS HOW THE CO DETECTS THAT A FONE WAS TAKEN OFF HOOK (PICKED UP). IN THIS WAY, THEY KNOW WHEN TO START BILLING THE CALLING NUMBER. NOW WHAT DO YOU SUPPOSE WOULD HAPPEN IF A DEVICE SUCH AS A RESISTOR OR A ZENER DIODE WAS PLACED ON THE CALLED PARTIES LINE SO THAT THE VOLTAGE WOULD DROP JUST ENOUGH TO ALLOW TALKING BUT NOT ENOUGH TO START BILLING? FIRST OFF, THE CALLING PARTY WOULD NOT BE BILLED FOR THE CALL BUT CONVERSATION COULD BE PURSUED. SECONDLY, THE CO EQUIPMENT WOULD THINK THAT THE FONE JUST KEPT ON RINGING. THE TELCO CALLS THIS A "NO-NO" (TOLL FRAUD TO BE MORE SPECIFIC) WHILE PHONE PHREAKS AFFECTIONATELY CALL THIS MUTE A BLACK BOX. THE FOLLOWING ARE INSTRUCTIONS ON HOW TO BUILD A SIMPLE BLACK BOX. OF COURSE, ANYTHING THAT PREVENTS THE VOLTAGE FROM DROPPING WOULD WORK. YOU ONE OR TWO PARTS: A SPST TOGGLE SWITCH AND A 10,000 OHM (10 K), 1/2 WATT RESISTOR. ANY ELECTRONICS STORE SHOULD STOCK THESE PARTS. NOW, CUT 2 PIECES OF WIRE (ABOUT 6 INCHES LONG) AND ATTACH ONE END OF EACH WIRE TO ONE OF THE TERMINALS ON THE SWITCH. NOW TURN YOUR K500 (STANDARD DESK FONE) UPSIDE DOWN AND TAKE OFF THE COVER. LOCATE THE 2 SCREWS ON THE NETWORK BOX LABELED >F< AND >RR<. WRAP THE RESISTOR BETWEEN THE 2 SCREWS MAKING SURE THAT IT DOESN'T TOUCH ANY OTHER TERMINALS!. NOW CONNECT ONE WIRE FROM THE SWITCH TO THE RR TERMINAL. FINALLY, ATTACH THE REMAINING WIRE TO THE GREEN WIRE (DISCONNECT IT FROM ITS TERMINAL). NOW BRING THE SWITCH OUT THE REAR OF THE FONE AND REPLACE THE COVER. PUT THE SWITCH IN A POSITION WHERE YOU RECEIVE A DIAL TONE. MARK THIS POSITION NORMAL. MARK THE OTHER SIDE FREE. WHEN YOUR PHRIENDS CALL (AT A PREARRANGED TIME), QUICKLY LIFT & DROP THE RECEIVER AS FAST A POSSIBLE. THIS WILL STOP THE RINGING (DO IT AGAIN IF IT DOESN'T) WITH OUT STARTING THE BILLING. IT IS IMPORTANT THAT YOU DO IT QUICKLY (LESS THAN ONE SECOND THEN PUT THE SWITCH IN THE FREE POSITION AND PICK UP THE FONE. KEEP ALL CALL SHORT AND PREFERABLY UNDER 15 MINUTES. NOTE: IF ANYONE PICKS UP AN EXTENSION IN THE CALLED PARTIES HOUSE AND THAT FONE IS NOT SET FOR FREE THEN BILLING WILL START. NOTE: AN OLD WAY OF SIGNALING A PHRIEND THAT YOU ARE ABOUT TO CALL IS MAKING A COLLECT CALL TO A NON-EXISTENT PERSON IN THE HOUSE. SINCE YOUR FRIEND WILL NOT ACCEPT THE CHARGES, HE WILL KNOW THAT YOU ARE ABOUT TO CALL AND THUS PREPARE THE BLACK BOX (OR VISA VERSA). WARNING: THE TELCO CAN DETECT BLACK BOXES IF THEY SUSPECT ONE ON YOUR LINE. THIS IS DONE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF AC VOICE SIGNAL AT THE WRONG DC LEVEL! PICTORIAL DIAGRAM: (STANDARD ROTARY K500 FONE) ____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________ | | ***BLUE WIRE**>>F< | | * * | **WHITE WIRE** * | | * | | RESISTOR | | * | Page 114 The Official Phreaker's Manual | * | | >RR<*******SWITCH**** | | * | ****GREEN WIRE********************** | | | |_____________________________________| NOTE: THE BLACK BOX WILL NOT WORK UNDER ESS OR OTHER SIMILAR DIGITAL SWITCHES SINCE ESS DOES NOT CONNECT THE VOICE CIRCUITS UNTIL THE FONE IS PICKED UP (& BILLING STARTS). INSTEAD, ESS USES AN "ARTIFICIAL" COMPUTER GENERATED RING. RINGING: ____________________________________________________________ TO INFORM A SUBSCRIBER OF AN INCOMING CALL, THE TELCO SENDS 90 VOLTS (RMS) OF AC CURRENT DOWN THE LINE (AT AROUND 15 TO 60 HZ) IN STANDARD FONES, THIS CAUSES A METAL ARMATURE TO BE ATTRACTED ALTERNATELY BETWEEN TWO ELECTRO-MAGNETS THUS STRIKING 2 BELLS. OF COURSE, THE STANDARD BELL (PATENTED IN 1878 BY TOM A. WATSON) CAN BE REPLACED BY A MORE MODERN ELECTRONIC BELL OR SIGNALING DEVICE. ALSO, YOU CAN HAVE LIGHTS AND OTHER SIMILAR DEVICES IN LIEU OF (OR IN CONJUNCTION WITH) THE BELL. A SIMPLE NEON LIGHT (WITH ITS CORRESPONDING RESISTOR) CAN SIMPLY BE CONNECTED BETWEEN THE RED & GREEN WIRES (USUALLY L1 & L2 ON THE NETWORK BOX) SO THAT IT LIGHTS UP ON INCOMING CALLS. A REGULAR 60 WATT LIGHT BULB CAN ALSO BE HOOKED UP USING A SIMPLE (120 VAC) RELAY. WARNING: 90 & 120 VAC CAN GIVE QUITE A SHOCK. EXERCISE EXTREME CAUTION IF YOU WISH TO FURTHER PURSUE THESE TOPICS. ALSO INCLUDED IN THE RINGING CIRCUIT IS A CAPACITOR TO PREVENT THE DC CURRENT FROM INTERFERING WITH THE BELL [A CAPACITOR WILL PASS AC CURRENT WHILE IT WILL PREVENT DC CURRENT FROM FLOWING (BY STORING IT)]. ANOTHER REASON THAT THE TELCO HATES BLACK BOXES IS BECAUSE RINGING USES ALOT OF COMMON-CONTROL EQUIPMENT, IN THE CO, WHICH USE ALOT OF ELECTRICITY. THUS THE RINGING GENERATORS ARE BEING TIED UP WHILE A FREE CALL IS BEING MADE. USUALLY CALLS THAT ARE ALLOWED TO RING FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME MAY BE CONSTRUED AS SUSPICIOUS. SOME OFFICES MAY BE SET UP TO DROP A TROUBLE CARD FOR LONG PERIODS OF RINGING THEN A "NO-NO" DETECTION DEVICE MAY BE PLACED ON THE LINE. INCIDENTALLY, THE TERM "RING TRIP" REFERS TO THE CO PROCESS INVOLVED TO STOP THE AC RINGING SIGNAL WHEN THE CALLING FONE GOES OFF HOOK. NOTE: IT IS SUGGESTED THAT YOU ACTUALLY DISSECT FONES TO HELP YOU BETTER UNDERSTAND THEM. IT WILL ALSO HELP YOU TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPTS HERE IF YOU ACTUALLY PROVE THEM TO YOURSELF. FOR EXAMPLE, ACTUALLY TAKE THE VOLTAGE READINGS ON YOUR FONE LINE [ANY SIMPLE MULTI-TESTER (A MUST) WILL DO.] PHREAKING IS AN INTERACTIVE PROCESS NOT A PASSIVE ONE! DIALING: ____________________________________________________________ ON A STANDARD FONE, THERE ARE TWO COMMON TYPES OF DIALING: PULSE & DTMF. OF COURSE, SOME PEOPLE INSIST UPON BEING DIFFERENT AND DON'T USE THE DT THUS LEAVING THEM WITH MF (MULTI FREQUENCY, AKA OPERATOR, BLUE BOX) TONES. THIS IS ANOTHER "NO-NO" AND THE TELCO SECURITY GENTLEMEN HAVE A SPECIAL KNACK FOR DEALING WITH SUCH "PHREAKS" ON THE NETWORK. Page 115 The Official Phreaker's Manual WHEN YOU DIAL ROTARY, YOU ARE ACTUALLY RAPIDLY BREAKING & RECONNECTING (MAKING) THE LOCAL LOOP ONCE FOR EVERY DIGIT DIALED. SINCE THE PHYSICAL CONNECTION MUST BE BROKEN, YOU CANNOT DIAL IF ANOTHER EXTENSION (OF THAT #) IS OFF-HOOK. NEITHER OF THE FONES WILL BE ABLE TO DIAL PULSE UNLESS THE OTHER HANGS UP. ANOTHER TERM OFTEN REFERRED TO IN TELEPHONE ELECTRONICS IS THE BREAK RATIO. IN THE US, THERE ARE 10 PULSES PER SECOND (MAX). WHEN THE CIRCUIT IS OPENED IT IS CALLED THE BREAK INTERVAL. WHEN IT IS CLOSED IT IS CALLED THE MAKE INTERVAL. IN THE US, THERE IS A 60 MILLISECOND (MS) BREAK PERIOD AND A 40 MS MAKE PERIOD. (60+40=100 MS = 1/10 MINUTE). THIS IS REFERRED TO AS A 60% BREAK INTERVAL. SOME OF THE MORE SOPHISTICATED ELECTRONIC FONES CAN SWITCH BETWEEN A 60% & A 67% BREAK INTERVAL. THIS IS DUE TO THE FACT THAT MANY FOREIGN NATIONS USE A 67% BREAK INTERVAL. HAVE YOU EVER BEEN IN AN OFFICE OR A SIMILAR FACILITY AND SAW A FONE WAITING TO BE USED FOR A FREE CALL BUT SOME ASSHOLE PUT A LOCK ON IT TO PREVENT OUTGOING CALLS? WELL, DON'T FRET PHELLOW PHREAKS, YOU CAN SIMULATE PULSE DIALING BY RAPIDLY DEPRESSING THE SWITCHOOK. (IF YOU DEPRESS IT FOR LONGER THAN A SECOND IT WILL BE CONSTRUED AS A DISCONNECT.) BY RAPIDLY SWITCHOOKING YOU ARE CAUSING THE LOCAL LOOP TO BE BROKEN & MADE SIMILAR TO ROTARY DIALING! THUS IF YOU CAN MANAGE TO SWITCHOOK RAPIDLY 10 TIMES YOU CAN REACH AN OPERATOR TO PLACE ANY CALL YOU WANT! THIS TAKES ALOT OF PRACTICE, THOUGH. YOU MIGHT WANT TO PRACTICE ON YOUR OWN FONE DIALING A FRIEND'S # OR SOMETHING ELSE. INCIDENTALLY, THIS METHOD WILL ALSO WORK WITH DTMF FONES SINCE ALL DTMF LINES CAN ALSO HANDLE ROTARY. ANOTHER PROBLEM WITH PULSE DIALING IS THAT IT PRODUCES HIGH-VOLTAGE SPIKES THAT MAKE LOUD NOISES IN THE EARPIECE AND CAUSE THE BELL TO "TINKLE." IF YOU NEVER NOTICED THIS THEN YOUR FONE HAS A SPECIAL "ANTI-TINKLE" & EARPIECE SHORTING CIRCUIT (MOST DO). IF YOU HAVE EVER DISSECTED A ROTARY FONE (A MUST FOR ANY SERIOUS PHREAK) YOU WOULD HAVE NOTICED THAT THERE ARE 2 SETS OF CONTACT THAT OPEN AND CLOSE DURING PULSING (ON THE BACK OF THE ROTARY DIAL UNDER THE PLASTIC COVER). ONE OF THESE ACTUALLY OPENS AND CLOSES THE LOOP WHILE THE OTHER MUTES THE EARPIECE BY SHORTING IT OUT. THE SECOND CONTACTS ALSO ACTIVATES A SPECIAL ANTI-TINKLE CIRCUIT THAT PUTS A 340 OHM RESISTOR ACROSS THE RINGING CIRCUIT WHICH PREVENTS THE HIGH VOLTAGE SPIKES FROM INTERFERING WITH THE BELL. DUAL TONE MULTI FREQUENCY (DTMF) IS A MODERN DAY IMPROVEMENT ON PULSE DIALING IN SEVERAL WAYS. FIRST OF ALL, IT IS MORE CONVENIENT FOR THE USER SINCE IT IS FASTER AND CAN BE USED FOR SIGNALING AFTER THE CALL IS COMPLETED (IE, SCC'S, COMPUTERS, ETC.). ALSO, IT IS MORE UPTO PAR WITH MODERN DAY SWITCHING EQUIPMENT (SUCH AS ESS) SINCE PULSE DIALING WAS DESIGNED TO ACTUALLY MOVE RELAYS BY THE NUMBER OF DIGITS DIALED (IN SXS OFFICES). EACH KEY ON A DTMF KEYPAD PRODUCES 2 FREQUENCIES SIMULTANEOUSLY (ONE FROM THE HIGH GROUP AND ANOTHER FROM THE LOW GROUP). _______________________________________________ LOW GROUP | | | | | 697 HZ-| Q | ABC | DEF | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | A | |___________|___________|___________|___________| | | | | | 770 HZ-| GHI | JKL | MNO | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | B | |___________|___________|___________|___________| | | | | | 852 HZ-| PRS | TUV | WXY | | | 1 | 2 | 3 | C | Page 116 The Official Phreaker's Manual |___________|___________|___________|___________| | | OPERATOR | | | 941 HZ-| | Z | | | | * | 0 | # | D | |___________|___________|___________|___________| | | | | 1209 HZ 1336 HZ 1477 HZ 1633 HZ HIGH GROUP A PORTABLE DTMF KEYPAD IS KNOWN AS A WHITE BOX. THE FOURTH COLUMN (1633 HZ) IS NOT NORMALLY FOUND ON REGULAR FONES BUT IT DOES HAVE SEVERAL SPECIAL USES. FOR ONE, IT IS USED TO DESIGNATE THE PRIORITY OF CALLS ON AUTOVON, THE MILITARY FONE NETWORK. THESE KEY ARE CALLED: FLASH, IMMEDIATE, PRIORITY, & ROUTINE (WITH VARIATIONS) INSTEAD OF ABCD. SECONDLY, THESE KEYS ARE USED FOR TESTING PURPOSES BY THE TELCO. IN SOME AREA YOU CAN FIND LOOPS AS WELL AS OTHER NEAT TESTS (SEE PART II) ON THE 555-1212 DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE EXCHANGE. FOR THIS, YOU WOULD CALL UP AN DA IN CERTAIN AREAS [THAT HAVE AN AUTOMATIC CALL DISTRIBUTOR (ACD)] AND HOLD DOWN THE "D" KEY WHICH SHOULD BLOW THE OPERATOR OFF. YOU WILL THEN HEAR A PULSING DIAL TONE WHICH INDICATES THAT YOU ARE IN THE ACD INTERNAL TESTING MODE. YOU CAN GET ON ONE SIDE OF A LOOP BY DIALING A 6. THE OTHER SIDE IS 7. SOME PHREAKS CLAIM THAT IF THE PERSON ON SIDE 6 HANGS UP, OCCASIONALLY THE EQUIPMENT WILL SCREW UP AD START DIRECTING DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE CALLS TO THE OTHER SIDE OF THE LOOP. ANOTHER ALLEGED TEST IS CALLED REMOB WHICH ALLOWS YOU TO TAP INTO LINES BY ENTERING A SPECIAL CODE FOLLOWED BY THE 7 DIGIT NUMBER YOU WANT TO MONITOR. THEN THERE IS THE POSSIBILITY OF MASS CONFERENCING. ACD'S ARE BECOME RARE THOUGH. YOU WILL PROBABLY HAVE TO MAKE SEVERAL NPA-555- 1212 CALLS BEFORE YOU FIND ONE. YOU CAN MODIFY REGULAR FONES QUITE READILY SO THAT THEY HAVE A SWITCH TO CHANGE BETWEEN THE 3RD AND 4TH COLUMNS. THIS IS CALLED A SILVER BOX (AKA GREY BOX) AD PLANS CAN BE FOUND IN TAP AS WELL AS ON MANY BBS'S. TRANSMITTER/RECEIVER: ____________________________________________________________ WHEN YOU TALK INTO THE TRANSMITTER, THE SOUND WAVES FROM YOUR VOICE CAUSE A DIAPHRAGM TO VIBRATE AND PRESS AGAINST THE CARBON GRANULES (OR ANOTHER SIMILAR SUBSTANCE). THIS CAUSES THE CARBON GRANULES TO COMPRESS AND CONTRACT THUS CHANGING THE RESISTANCE OF THE DC CURRENT FLOWING THROUGH IT. THEREFORE, YOUR AC VOICE SIGNAL IS SUPERIMPOSED OVER THE DC CURRENT OF THE LOCAL LOOP. THE RECEIVER WORKS IN A SIMILAR FASHION WHERE THE SIMPLE TYPES UTILIZE A MAGNET, ARMATURE, & DIAPHRAGM. HYBRID/INDUCTION COIL: ____________________________________________________________ AS YOU MAY HAVE NOTICED, THERE ARE TWO WIRES FOR THE RECEIVER AND TWO FOR THE TRANSMITTER IN THE FONE, YET THE LOCAL LOOP CONSISTS OF 2 WIRES INSTEAD OF 4. THIS 4-WIRE TO 2-WIRE CONVERSION IS DONE INSIDE THE FONE BY A DEVICE KNOWN AS AN INDUCTION COIL WHICH USES COUPLING TRANSFORMERS. THE REASON 2 SIRES ARE USED ON THE LOCAL LOOPS ARE BECAUSE IT IS ALOT CHEAPER FOR THE TELCO. ALTHOUGH, ALL OF THE INTER-OFFICE TRUNKS UTILIZE 4 WIRES. THIS IS NECESSARY FOR FULL DUPLEX (IE, SIMULTANEOUS CONVERSATION ON BOTH SIDES) AND FOR AMPLIFICATION DEVICES. THERE ARE SIMILAR DEVICES IN THE CO'S, KNOWN AS A HYBRID, THAT COUPLE THE 4-WIRE TRUNKS TO THE 2-WIRE LOCAL LOOPS AND VISA-VERSA. Page 117 The Official Phreaker's Manual MISCELLANEOUS: ____________________________________________________________ IN THE TELEPHONE, THERE IS ALSO A BALANCING NETWORK CONSISTING OF A FEW CAPACITORS & RESISTORS WHICH PROVIDE SIDETONE. SIDETONE ALLOWS THE CALLER TO HEAR HIS OWN VOLUME IN THE RECEIVER. HE CAN THEN ADJUST HIS VOICE ACCORDINGLY. THIS PREVENTS PEOPLE FROM SHOUTING OR SPEAKING TOO SOFTLY WITHOUT NOTICING IT. HOLD: ____________________________________________________________ WHEN A TELEPHONE GOES OFF HOOK, THE RESISTANCE DROPS BELOW 2500 OHMS. AT THIS POINT, THE TELCO WILL SEND A DIAL TONE. TO PUT SOMEONE ON HOLD YOU MUST PUT A 1000 OHM RESISTOR (1 WATT) ACROSS THE TIP & RING BEFORE IT REACHES THE SWITCHOOK. IN THIS WAY, WHEN THE FONE IS HUNG UP (FOR HOLD) THE RESISTANCE REMAINS BELOW 2500 OHMS WHICH CAUSES THE CO TO BELIEVE THAT YOU ARE STILL OFF-HOOK. YOU CAN BUILD A SIMPLE HOLD DEVICE USING THE FOLLOWING PICTORIAL DIAGRAM: (RED) O_________________________ [L1] | | | | | | 1000 OHM | \ | | \ RESISTOR RINGING | | CIRCUIT | -SWITCH | | | HOOK / | | / SPST SWITCH | \ | | \ | | | | | | (GREEN) O__|_____________|______| [L2] --> TO REST OF FONE CONCLUSION: ____________________________________________________________ NOTE: MANY OF THE ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS OF NORMAL FONES (K500) ARE ENCLOSED IN THE NETWORK BOX (WHICH SHOULDN'T BE OPENED). I HAVE ASSUMED THAT THE READER HAS A BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF ELECTRONICS. ALSO, I HAVE ASSUMED THAT YOU HAVE READ THE 4 PREVIOUS INSTALLMENTS OF THIS SERIES (AND HOPEFULLY ENJOYED THEM). IN PART VI, WE WILL TAKE A LOOK AT FORTRESS FONES. SUGGESTED FURTHER READING: ____________________________________________________________ ELECTRONICS COURSES A-D, TAP, @ $.75 EACH. ELECTRONIC TELEPHONE PROJECTS, A.J. CARISTI, HOWARD SAMS BOOKS. EVERYTHING YOU ALWAYS WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT 1633 HZ TONES BUT WERE AFRAID TO ASK, THE MAGICIAN, TAP, ISSUE #62. Page 118 The Official Phreaker's Manual FREE BELL PHONE CALLS, TAP, FACT SHEET #2, @ $.50. FREE GTE PHONE CALLS, TAP, FACT SHEET #3, @ $.50. HOW TO MODIFY YOUR BELL TOUCH TONE FONE TO HAVE 1633 CYCLE TONES, TAP, ISSUE #63. MODIFYING YOUR PHONE FOR 1633 HZ (NEW ELECTRONIC KEYPADS), FRED STEINBECK, TAP, ISSUE #84. NOTES ON THE NETWORK, AT&T. THE PHONE BOOK, J. EDGAR HYDE. REGULATING THE TELEPHONE COMPANY IN YOUR HOME, RAMAPART MAGAZINE, JUNE 1972. REMOBS, TAP #91 (NOT YET PUBLISHED AS OF THIS WRITING). UNDERSTANDING TELEPHONE ELECTRONICS, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS. & OTHER ASSORTED SOURCES... TAP: ROOM 603/147 W 42 ST./NEW YORK, NY 10036. PLEASE SPECIFY BY BACKISSUE #'S (NOT ARTICLE NAMES). ALL BACK-ISSUES ARE $1 EACH. SUBSCRIPTIONS ARE $10/YEAR (10 ISSUES). SAY THAT BIOC AGENT 003 SENT YOU. Page 119 The Official Phreaker's Manual ************* << BIOC AGENT 003'S COURSE IN >> ************* * * * $%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$ * * %$ BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS $% * * $%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$ * * PART VI * * * ************************************************************ REVISED: 27-OCT-84 Preface: This article will focus primarily on the standard Western Electric single-slot coin telephone (aka fortress fone) which can be divided into 3 types: - Dial-Tone First (DTF) - Coin-First (CF): (ie, it wants your $ before you receive a dial tone) - Dial Post-Pay Service (PP): you pay after the party answers Depositing Coins (Slugs): ____________________________________________________________ Once you have deposited your slug into a fortress, it is subjected to a gamut of tests. The first obstacle for a slug is the magnetic trap. This will stop any light-weight magnetic slugs and coins. If it passes this, the slug is then classified as a nickel, dime, or quarter. Each slug is then checked for appropriate size and weight. If these tests are passed, it will then travel through a nickel, dime, or quarter magnet as appropriate. These magnets set up an eddy current effect which causes coins of the appropriate characteristics to slow down so they will follow the correct trajectory. If all goes well, the coin will follow the correct path (such as bouncing off of the nickel anvil) where it will hopefully fall into the narrow accepted coin channel. The rather elaborate tests that are performed as the coin travels down the coin chute will stop most slugs and other undesirable coins, such as pennies, which must then be retrieved using the coin release lever. If the slug miraculously survives the gamut, it will then strike the appropriate totalizer arm causing a ratchet wheel to rotate once for every 5-cent increment (eg, a quarter will cause it to rotate 5 times). The totalizer then causes the coin signal oscillator to readout a dual-frequency signal indicating the value deposited to ACTS (a computer) or the TSPS operator. These are the same tones used by phreaks in the infamous red boxes. For a quarter, 5 beep tones are outpulsed at 12-17 pulses per second (PPS). A dime causes 2 beep tones at 5 - 8.5 PPS while a nickel causes one beep tone at 5 - 8.5 PPS. A beep consists of 2 tones: 2200 + 1700 Hz. A relay in the fortress called the "B relay" (yes, there is also an 'A relay') places a capacitor across the speech circuit during totalizer read-out to prevent the "customer" from hearing the red box tones. In older 3 slot phones: one bell (1050-1100 Hz) for a nickel, two bells for a dime, and one gong (800 Hz) for a quarter are used instead of the modern dual-frequency tones. TSPS & ACTS ____________________________________________________________ Page 120 The Official Phreaker's Manual While fortresses are connected to the CO of the area, all transactions are handled via the Traffic Service Position System (TSPS). In areas that do not have ACTS, all calls that require operator assistance, such as calling card and collect, are automatically routed to a TSPS operator position. In an effort to automate fortress service, a computer system known as Automated Coin Toll Service (ACTS) has been implemented in many areas. ACTS listens to the red box signals from the fones and takes appropriate action. It is ACTS which says, "Two dollars please (pause) Please deposit two dollars for the next ten seconds" (and other variations). Also, if you talk for more than three minutes and then hang-up, ACTS will call back and demand your money. ACTS is also responsible for Automated Calling Card Service. ACTS also provide trouble diagnosis for craftspeople (repairmen specializing in fortresses). For example, there is a coin test which is great for tuning up red boxes. In many areas this test can be activated by dialing 09591230 at a fortress (thanks to Karl Marx for this information). Once activated it will request that you deposit various coins. It will then identify the coin and outpulse the appropriate red box signal. The coins are usually returned when you hang up. To make sure that there is actually money in the fone, the CO initiates a "ground test" at various times to determine if a coin is actually in the fone. This is why you must deposit at least a nickel in order to use a red box! Green Boxes: ____________________________________________________________ Paying the initial rate in order to use a red box (on certain fortresses) left a sour taste in many red boxer's mouths thus the GREEN BOX was invented. The green box generates useful tones such as COIN COLLECT, COIN RETURN, and RINGBACK. These are the tones that ACTS or the TSPS operator would send to the CO when appropriate. Unfortunately, the green box cannot be used at a fortress station but it must be used by the CALLED party. Here are the tones: COIN COLLECT 700 + 1100 Hz COIN RETURN 1100 + 1700 Hz RINGBACK 700 + 1700 Hz Before the called party sends any of these tones, an operator released signal should be sent to alert the MF detectors at the CO. This can be accomplished by sending 900 + 1500 Hz or a single 2600 Hz wink (90 ms) followed by a 60 ms gap and then the appropriate signal for at least 900 ms. Also, do not forget that the initial rate is collected shortly before the 3 minute period is up. Incidentally, once the above MF tones for collecting and returning coins reach the CO, they are converted into an appropriate DC pulse (-130 volts for return & +130 volts for collect). This pulse is then sent down the tip to the fortress. This causes the coin relay to either return or collect the coins. The alleged "T-Network" takes advantage of this information. When a pulse for COIN COLLECT (+130 VDC) is sent down the line, it must be grounded somewhere. This is usually either the yellow or black wire. Thus, if the wires are exposed, these wires can be cut to prevent the pulse from being grounded. When the three minute initial period is almost up, make sure that the black & yellow wires are severed; then hang up, wait about 15 seconds in case of a second pulse, reconnect the wires, pick up the fone, hang up again, and if all goes well it should be "JACKPOT" time. Page 121 The Official Phreaker's Manual Physical Attack: ____________________________________________________________ A typical fortress weighs roughly 50 lbs. with an empty coin box. Most of this is accounted for in the armor plating. Why all the security? Well, Bell contributes it to the following: "Social changes during the 1960's made the multislot coin station a prime target for: vandalism, strong arm robbery, fraud, and theft of service. This brought about the introduction of the more rugged single slot coin station and a new environment for coin service." As for picking the lock, I will quote Mr. Phelps: "We often fantasize about 'picking the lock' or 'getting a master key.' Well, you can forget about it. I don't like to discourage people, but it will save you from wasting alot of your time--time which can be put to better use (heh, heh)." As for physical attack, the coin plate is secured on all four side by hardened steel bolts which pass through two slots each. These bolts are in turn interlocked by the main lock. One phreak I know did manage to take one of the 'mothers' home (which was attached to a piece of plywood at a construction site; otherwise, the permanent ones are a bitch to detach from the wall!). It took him almost ten hours to open the coin box using a power drill, sledge hammers, and crow bars (which was empty -- perhaps next time, he will deposit a coin first to hear if it slushes down nicely or hits the empty bottom with a clunk.) Taking the fone offers a higher margin of success. Although this may be difficult often requiring brute force and there has been several cases of back axles being lost trying to take down a fone! A quick and dirty way to open the coin box is by using a shotgun. In Detroit, after ecologists cleaned out a municipal pond, they found 168 coin phones rifled. In colder areas, such as Canada, some shrewd people tape up the fones using duct tape, pour in water, and come back the next day when the water will have froze thus expanding and cracking the fone open.In one case: "unauthorized coin collectors" where caught when they brought $6,000 in change to a bank and the bank became suspicious... At any rate, the main lock is an eight level tumbler located on the right side of the coin box. This lock has 390,625 possible positions (5 ^ 8, since there are 8 tumblers each with 5 possible positions) thus it is highly pick resistant! The lock is held in place by 4 screws. If there is sufficient clearance to the right of the fone, it is conceivable to punch out the screws using the drilling pattern below (provided by Alexander Mundy in TAP) Page 122 The Official Phreaker's Manual Chapter 5 What is covered in these last few articles, is the essence of phreaking, blue boxing & equal access. These last articles, I hope will be the final stage of phreak education for now. Basic telecommunications 7 is a brief intro to the art of blue boxing, while Better Homes & Blue Boxing will cover it in full. Equal access will be an interesting switch, it is installed in my area already and I have been investigating it. One thought is to call MCI operators and box through them, over MCI lines... Page 123 The Official Phreaker's Manual ************* << BIOC AGENT 003'S COURSE IN >> ************* * * * $%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$ * * %$ BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS $% * * $%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$%$ * * PART VII * * * ************************************************************ Preface: After most neophyte phreaks overcome their fascination with Metro codes and WATS extenders, they will usually seek to explore other avenues in the vast phone network. Often they will come across references such as "simply dial KP + 2130801050 + ST for the Alliance teleconferencing system in LA.". Numbers such as the one above were intended to be used with a blue box; this article will explain the fundamental principles of the fine art of blue boxing. Genesis: ____________________________________________________________ In the beginning, all long distance calls were connected manually by operators who passed on the called number verbally to other operators in series. This is because pulse (aka rotary) digits are created by causing breaks in the DC current (see Basic Telcom V). Since long distance calls require routing through various switching equipment and AC voice amplifiers, pulse dialing cannot be used to send the destination number to the end local office (CO). Eventually, the demand for faster and more efficient long distance (LD) service caused Bell to make a multi-billion dollar decision. They had to create a signaling system that could be used on the LD Network. Basically, they had two options: [1] To send all the signaling and supervisory information (ie, ON & OFF HOOK) over separate data links. This type of signaling is referred to as out-of-band signaling. -or- [2] To send all the signaling information along with the conversation using tones to represent digits. This type of signaling is referred to as in-band signaling. Being the cheap bastard that they naturally are, Bell chose the latter (and cheaper) method -- IN-BAND signaling. They eventually regretted this, though (heh, heh)... IN-BAND SIGNALING PRINCIPLES: ____________________________________________________________ When a subscriber dials a telephone number, whether in rotary or touch-tone (aka DTMF), the equipment in the CO interprets the digits and looks for a convenient trunk line to send the call on its way. In the case of a local call, it will probably be sent via an inter-office trunk; otherwise, it will be sent to a toll office (class 4 or higher -- see Telcom IV) to be processed. When trunks are not being used there is a 2600 Hz tone on the line; thus, to find a free trunk, the CO equipment simply checks for the presence of 2600 Hz. If it doesn't find a free trunk the customer will receive a re-order signal Page 124 The Official Phreaker's Manual (120 IPM busy signal) or the "all circuits are busy..." message. If it does find a free trunk it "seizes" it -- removing the 2600 Hz. It then sends the called number or a special routing code to the other end or toll office. The tones it uses to send this information are called multi-frequency (MF) tones. An MF tone consists of two tones from a set of six master tones which are combined to produce 12 separate tones. You can sometimes hear these tones in the background when you make a call but they are usually filtered out so your delicate ears cannot hear them. These are NOT the same as touch-tones. To notify the equipment at the far end of the trunk that it is about to receive routing information, the originating end first sends a Key Pulse (KP) tone. At the end of sending the digits, #he originating end then sends a STart (ST) tone. Thus to call 914-359-1517, the equipment would send KP + 9143591517 + ST in MF tones. When the customer hangs up, 2600 Hz is once again sent to signify a disconnect to the distant end. History: ____________________________________________________________ In the November 1960 issue of The Bell System Technical Journal, an article entitled "Signaling Systems for Control of Telephone Switching" was published. This journal, which was sent to most university libraries, happened to contain the actual MF tones used in signaling. They appeared as follows: Digit Tones ----- ----- 1 700 + 900 Hz 2 700 + 1100 Hz 3 900 + 1100 Hz 4 700 + 1300 Hz 5 900 + 1300 Hz 6 1100 + 1300 Hz 7 700 + 1500 Hz 8 900 + 1500 Hz 9 1100 + 1500 Hz 0 1300 + 1500 Hz KP 1100 + 1700 Hz ST 1500 + 1700 Hz 11 (*) 700 + 1700 Hz 12 (*) 900 + 1700 Hz KP2 (*) 1300 + 1700 Hz (*) Used only on CCITT SYSTEM 5 for special international calling. Bell caught wind of blue boxing in 1961 when it caught a Washington state college student using one. They originally found out about blue boxes through police raids and informants. In 1964, Bell Labs came up with scanning equipment, which recorded all suspicious calls, to detect blue box usage. These units were installed in CO's where major toll fraud existed. AT&T Security would then listen to the tapes to see if any toll fraud was actually committed. Over 200 convictions resulted from the project. Surprisingly enough, blue boxing is not solely limited to the electronics enthusiast; AT&T has caught businessmen, film stars, doctors, lawyers, college students, high school students and even a millionaire financier (Bernard Cornfeld) using the device. AT&T also said that nearly half of those that they catch are businessmen. Page 125 The Official Phreaker's Manual Of course, phone phreaks have achieved an almost cult status. They have also had their fair share of media. In October 1971, Esquire published the infamous "Secrets of the Little Blue Box" article which featured phreaks such as Captain Crunch, who took his name from the cereal which one gave away whistles that produced a perfect 2600 Hz pitch; Joe Engressia, the blind phreak; and Mark Bernay, one of the nation's first and oldest phreaks. Others such as Apple computer co-founders Steve Wozniak & Steve Jobs have also had blue box backgrounds. 1971 also saw the publication of the first issue of YIPL, the phone phreak newsletter, (now TAP) under the editorship of supreme yippie Abbie Hoffman. Usage: ____________________________________________________________ To use a blue box, one would usually make a free call to any 800 number or distant directory assistance (NPA-555-1212). This, of course, is legitimate. When the call is answered, one would then swiftly press the button that would send 2600 Hz down the line. This has the effect of making the distant CO equipment think that the call was terminated and it leaves the trunk hanging. Now, the user has about 10 seconds to enter in the telephone number he wished to dial -- in MF, that is. The CO equipment merely assumes that this came from another office and it will happily process the call. Since there are no records (except on toll fraud detection devices!) of these MF tones, the user is not billed for the call. When the user hangs up, the CO equipment simply records that he hung up on a free call. Detection: ____________________________________________________________ Bell has had 20 years to work on detection devices; therefore, in this day and age, they are rather well refined. Basically, the detection device will look for the presence of 2600 Hz where it does not belong. It then records the calling number and all activity after the 2600 Hz. If you happen to be at a fortress fone, though, and you make the call short, your chances of getting caught are significantly reduced (see Telcom VI). Incidentally, there have been rumors of certain test numbers (see Telcom II) that hook directly into trunks thus avoiding the need for 2600 Hz and detection! Another way that Bell catches boxers is to examine the CAMA (Centralized Automatic Message Accounting) tapes. When you make a call, your number, the called number, and time of day are all recorded. The same thing happens when you hang up. This tape is then processed for billing purposes. Normally, all free calls are ignored. But Bell can program the billing equipment to make note of lengthy calls to directory assistance. They can then put a pen register (aka DNR) on the line or an actual full-blown tap. This detection can be avoided by making short-haul (aka local) calls to box off of. It is interesting to note that NPA+555-1212 originally did not return answer supervision. Thus the calls were not recorded on the AMA/CAMA tapes. AT&T changed this though for "traffic studies!" CCIS: ____________________________________________________________ Besides detection devices, Bell has begun to gradually redesign the network using out-of-band signaling. This is known as Common Channel Inter-office Signaling (CCIS). Since this signaling method sends all the signaling information over separate data lines, blue boxing is impossible under it. Page 126 The Official Phreaker's Manual While being implemented gradually, this multi-billion dollar project is still strangling the fine art of blue boxing. Of course until the project is totally complete, boxing will still be possible. It will become progressively harder to find places to box off of, though. In areas with CCIS, one must find a directory assistance office that doesn't have CCIS yet. Area codes in Canada and predominately rural states are the best bets. WATS numbers terminating in non-CCIS cities are also good prospects. Pink Noise: ____________________________________________________________ Another way that may help to avoid detection is too add some "pink noise" to the 2600 Hz tone. Since 2600 Hz tones can be simulated in speech, the detection equipment must be careful not to misinterpret speech as a disconnect signal. Thus a virtually pure 2600 Hz tone is required for disconnect. Keeping this in mind, the 2600 Hz detection equipment is also probably looking for pure 2600 Hz or else is would be triggered every time someone hit that note (highest E on a piano =2637 Hz). This is also the reason that the 2600 Hz tone must be sent rapidly; sometimes, it won't work when the operator is saying "Hello, hello." It is feasible to send some "pink noise" along with the 2600 Hz. Most of this energy should be above 3000 Hz. The pink noise won't make it into the toll network (where we want our pure 2600 Hz to hit) but it should make it past the local CO and thus the fraud detectors. Construction: ____________________________________________________________ While step-by-step details for the construction of a blue box is beyond the scope of this tutorial, it is worthwhile to mention some of the details. First there are some alternatives but they are not as good as an actual blue box. Many computers are capable of generating MF tones. Thus, your local phriendly software pirate should have a program compatible for your computer. However, it is highly advisable not to box from home as stated in The Ten Commandments (as interpreted for phreaks by Fred Steinbeck -- TAP #86). I. Box thou not over thine home telephone wires, for those who doest must surely bring the full wrath of the Chief Special Agent down upon thy heads. Another alternative that has a moderate success rate involves recording the tones from a phriend with a box or computer onto a cassette tape. They can then be used at a fortress. As for actual construction techniques, TAP has devoted many issues to blue boxing. Basically, a blue box is merely a device capable of generating two different tones simultaneously. There are two basic construction methods that I will outline below for the electronics hobbyist. The first involves the use of two 555 timer chips (or a 556 -- i.e., two 555's in one chip). It offers excellent frequency and voltage stability. Also, it does not need a diode matrix keypad but used double-pole switches instead. Schematics for this type of box can be found in TAP issue #29. The other common box makes use of two Intersil 8038CC Function Generators. It does require a diode matrix keypad though, potentiometers, an LM-100 voltage Page 127 The Official Phreaker's Manual regulator, a 741 Op-amp, and a handful of other parts. The schematics for this type of blue box can be found in TAP #26. Both designs draw about 20 ma of current. Also, most blue boxes use telephone earpieces (with the varistor removed) for speakers. These can be easily liberated from fortress fones with a small coping saw. Usually, the hardest part about building a blue box is the calibration. A frequency counter is a must and an oscilloscope won't hurt. Some boxes also take timing into account. It is feasible on the ESS systems that they check to see if the digits are of uniform length. If they aren't, they are probably from a blue box and a trouble card may be dropped. With this in mind, the Bell standard for MF pulses and interdigit intervals is around 75 ms. It varies with the equipment used since ESS can handle higher speeds and doesn't need interdigit intervals. Applications: ____________________________________________________________ Besides dialing normal calls free, i.e., KP+NPA+NNX+XXXX+ST, blue boxes offer the entire network for exploration. Emergency break-ins, service monitoring (aka taps), stacking tandems (the art of busying out all trunks between two points), re-routing calls, conference calls, and much, much more are all feasible. Although, Bell frequently changes these codes due to phreaks. Here are some standard ones, though: Operator & Other Codes: ____________________________________________________________ (an optional NPA may proceed all of the numbers; otherwise, you will reach the one local for the area where the call is originated) 001 -- Trunk Access System 009 -- Rate Quote System 101 -- toll office test board 121 -- INWARD Operator This operator assists the local "0" operator in completing calls. (S)he will do virtually anything for you providing it is within her NPA. 131 -- Operator Directory assistance 141 -- Rout & Rate 141 defunct -- use KP + 800 + 141 +1212 + ST) These operators are very useful if you know how to mumble a few cryptic phrases as compiled below (with thanks to Fred Steinbeck): To find out.....Area Codes For example say , "Miami, Florida, numbers route, please." The R&R operator will tell you "305 plus," meaning that 305 plus the seven digit number will get you Miami. ... Inward Operator City Codes Usually, the INWARD operator for an area is simply KP + NPA + 121 + ST. In some area codes, though, there are several large cities and thus Page 128 The Official Phreaker's Manual several inwards. To find the inward for a specific city, you would say "916 756, operator route, please" to the R&R operator who will then tell you "916 plus 001 plus." This means that KP+ 916 + 001 + 121 + ST will get you an inward for Sacramento, CA (916-756). ... City names If you want to know the city that corresponds to an area code and exchange, you simply tell the R&R, "Place name, 914 390, please." In this example, the R&R operator will respond with "White Plains, NY." ... International Directory Assistance If you need a directory route for London, you could say "International, London, England. TSPS directory route, please." The R&R operator will respond with "Directory to London, England. Country code 44 plus 1 plus 986 plus 3611." Therefore to get a DA operator in London, you would route yourself to an international sender and KP + 04419863611 + ST. ... Country & City codes If you need to know the country and city code for an international number you can say "International, Sydney, Australia, TSPS numbers route, please" and get "Country code 61 plus 2." ... International Inwards Routes To get routing codes for international inwards say "International, London, England, TSPS inward route, please." The R&R Operator will respond with "Country code 44 plus 121." Finally, to get language assistance for completing a foreign call you can tell the foreign inward, "United States calling. Language assistance in completing a call to (called party) at (called number)." 151 -- Overseas incoming (212 +& 914+) 160-XX0 -- Various Overseas Operators 161 -- Trouble reporting operator (defunct) 181 -- Coin Refund Operator 18X -- Overseas senders To make an international call, one would KP + 011 + 0CC + ST where CC is the country code. This will route you to the appropriate overseas sender. You will then receive a 480 Hz dial tone. Here you enter KP + 0CC + city code + local number + ST and the call is on its way. Country codes can be either 1, 2, or 3 digits but they must be padded for three digits to create a pseudo-country code with extra zero's if necessary. For example, England, country code 44, becomes 044. To see which international sender a certain country (lets use French Guiana, country code 594, for example) goes through, you can dial KP + 011 + 594 + ST, wait for the Proceed to Send tone then KP + 000 + 0000 + ST and you will receive a recording saying which ISC (International Switching Center) it is. For the example it will say, "This is the international switching center in Pittsburg, PA -- This is a recording - 4121." You can actually route calls to certain senders yourself (KP + NPA + 18X + ST) but it is better off not to since it may look suspicious if a call is sent through a sender that it Page 129 The Official Phreaker's Manual shouldn't go through. Here are the senders: 182 -- White Plains, NY 183 -- New York, NY 184 -- Pittsburg, PA 185 -- Orlando, FL 186 -- Oakland, CA 187 -- Denver, CO 188 -- New York, NY Also, there tends to be alot of talk about the Code 11, Code 12, KP2, STP, ST3P, & ST2P keys. While they do exist the blue boxer need not concern himself with them. The first three are used on CCITT System 5. This is the signaling system that the International Senders use to send information to other countries. These codes are usually added automatically just like the language assistance digit [which distinguishes operator (or blue box) dialed calls from customer dialed calls]. The STP, ST3P, & ST2P tones are used when equipment is communicating with the TSPS. These also are automatically added when needed in most cases. [see Telcom III for more on International Switching Centers (ISC)] 11XXX -- miscellaneous operators 11501 -- universal cordboard operator 11511 -- conference operator 11521 -- mobile operator 11531 -- marine operator 11541 -- LD incoming switchboard 11551 -- leave word for time & charges (neat stuff) 11561 -- same as 11551 but for hotel/motels 11571 -- overseas operators (language assistance) The 11XXX series is interesting scanning material. Miscellaneous Routing Codes : ____________________________________________________________ Alliance Teleconferencing has several numbers, a few of which are listed below: KP + 213 080 XXXX + ST KP + 305 025 XXXX + ST KP + 312 001 XXXX + ST XXXX = 1050, 1100, or a few others Also, at KP + 317 009 + ST there is a MF tone checker. After the beep-kerclunk, dial in KP + 999 1234567 890 + ST and it will repeat the digits that you pulsed if they are of the right frequency. Tandem Scanning: ____________________________________________________________ To find all sorts of interesting things, you must look. Begin scanning three digit codes in your area (i.e., KP + 000 + ST, KP + 001 + ST, etc.). Keep track of all of your results. Sometimes you must probe things, send additional digits and see what happens, send touch-tone, send it 2600 Hz, rip it apart. You never know, you may run into something phun, like a computer that checks CC numbers. Page 130 The Official Phreaker's Manual Incidentally, in some exchange you can dial inwards and other box codes directly! For example, 914-121-1111 will get you a NY inward. The only problem is that a 0 or 1 as the first digit of the exchange is usually *prohibited in customer dialing. Somebody may have "accidentally" changed this screening code on your ESS's computer, though -- you never know and it can't hurt to try. WATS translation numbers also take up some of the 0XX & 1XX codes. Finally, certain tones on the blue box can also be used for other purposes. An MF "2" corresponds to COIN COLLECT while "KP" corresponds to COIN RETURN. Thus every blue box is also a green box (see Telcom VI). Coming soon: Telcom VIII will deal with cordless phones, mobile phones, and other neat things. Be careful and have phun, *****BIOC *=$=*Agent *****003 Page 131 The Official Phreaker's Manual The Mark Tabas encounter series presents: -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Better Homes and Blue Boxing Part I Theory of Operation =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- To quote Karl Marx, blue boxing has always been the most noble form of phreaking. As opposed to such things as using an MCI code to make a free fone call, which is merely mindless pseudo-phreaking, blue boxing is actual interaction with the Bell System toll network. It is likewise advisable to be more cautious when blue boxing, but the careful phreak will not be caught, regardless of what type of switching system he is under. In this part, I will explain how and why blue boxing works, as well as where. In later parts, I will give more practical information for blue boxing and routing information. To begin with, blue boxing is simply communicating with trunks. Trunks must not be confused with subscriber lines (or "customer loops") which are standard telefone lines. Trunks are those lines that connect central offices. Now, when trunks are not in use (i.e., idle or "on-hook" state) they have 2600Hz applied to them. If they are two-way trunks, there is 2600Hz in both directions. When a trunk IS in use (busy or "off-hook" state"), the 2600Hz is removed from the side that is off-hook. The 2600Hz is therefore known as a supervisory signal, because it indicates the status of a trunk; on hook (tone) or off-hook (no tone). Note also that 2600Hz denoted SF (single frequency) signalling and is "in-band." This is very important. "In-band" means that is is within the band of frequencies that may be transmitted over normal telefone lines. Other SF signals, such as 3700Hz are used also. However, they cannot be carried over the telefone network normally (they are "out-of-band") and are therefore not able to be taken advantage of as 2600Hz is. Back to trunks. Let's take a hypothetical phone call. You pick up your fone and dial 1+806-258-1234 (your good friend in Armarillo, Texas). For ease, we'll assume that you are on #5 Crossbar switching and not in the 806 area. Your central office (CO) would recognize that 806 is a foreign NPA, so it would route the call to the toll centre that serves you. [For the sake of accuracy here, and for the more experienced readers, note that the CO in question is a class 5 with LAMA that uses out-of-band SF supervisory signalling]. Depending on where you are in the country, the call would leave your toll centre (on more trunks) to another toll centre, or office of higher "rank". Then it would be routed to central office 806-258 eventually and the call would be completed. Illustration: A---CO1-------TC1------TC2----CO2----B A=you CO1=your central office TC1=your toll office. TC2=toll office in Amarillo. CO2=806-258 central office. B=your friend (806-258-1234) In this situation it would be realistic to say that CO2 uses SF in-band Page 132 The Official Phreaker's Manual (2600Hz) signalling, while all the others use out-of-band signalling (3700Hz). If you don't understand this, don't worry too much. I am pointing this out merely for the sake of accuracy. The point is that while you are connected to 806-258-1234, all those trunks from YOUR central office (CO1) to the 806-258 central office (CO2) do *NOT* have 2600Hz on them, indicating to the Bell equipment that a call is in progress and the trunks are in use. Now let's say you're tired of talking to your friend in Amarillo (806-258-1234) so you send a 2600Hz down the line. This tone travels down the line to your friend's central office (CO2) where it is detected. However, that CO thinks that the 2600Hz is originating from Bell equipment, indicating to it that you've hung up, and thus the trunks are once again idle (with 2600Hz present on them). But actually, you have not hung up, you have fooled the equipment at your friend's CO into thinking you have. Thus,it disconnects him and resets the equipment to prepare for the next call. All this happens very quickly (300-800ms for step-by-step equipment and 150-400ms for other equipment). When you stop sending 2600Hz (after about a second), the equipment thinks that another call is coming towards it (e.g. it thinks the far end has come "off-hook" since the tone has stopped. It could be thought of as a toggle switch: tone --> on hook, no tone -->off hook. Now that you've stopped sending 2600Hz, several things happen: 1) A trunk is seized. 2) A "wink" is sent to the CALLING end from the CALLED end indicating that the CALLED end (trunk) is not ready to receive digits yet. 3) A register is found and attached to the CALLED end of the trunk within about two seconds (max). 4) A start-dial signal is sent to the CALLING end from the CALLED end indicating that the CALLED end is ready to receive digits. Now, all of this is pretty much transparent to the blue boxer. All he really hears when these four things happen is a . So, seizure of a trunk would go something like this: 1> Send a 2600Hz 2> Terminate 2600Hz after 1-2 secs. 3> [beep][kerchunk] Once this happens, you are connected to a tandem that is ready to obey your every command. The next step is to send signalling information in order to place your call. For this you must simulate the signalling used by operators and automatic toll-dialing equipment for use on trunks. There are mainly two systems, DP and MF. However, DP went out with the dinosaur , so I'll only discuss MF signalling. MF (multi-frequency) signalling is the signalling used by the majority of the inter- and intra-lata network. It is also used in international dialing known as the CCITT no.5 system. MF signalling consists of 7 frequencies, beginning with 700Hz and separated by 200Hz. A different set of two of the 7 frequencies represent the digits 0 thru 9, plus an additional 5 special keys. The frequencies and uses are as follows: Frequencies (Hz) Domestic Int'l Page 133 The Official Phreaker's Manual -------------------------------------- 700+900 1 1 700+1100 2 2 900+1100 3 3 700+1300 4 4 900+1300 5 5 1100+1300 6 6 700+1500 7 7 900+1500 8 8 1100+1500 9 9 1300+1500 0 0 700+1700 ST3p Code 11 900+1700 STp Code 12 1100+1700 KP KP1 1300+1700 ST2p KP2 1500+1700 ST ST The timing of all the MF signals is a nominal 60ms, except for KP, which should have a duration of 100ms. There should also be a 60ms silent period between digits. This is very flexible, however, and most Bell equipment will accept outrageous timings. In addition to the standard uses listed above, MF pulsing also has expanded usages known as "expanded inband signalling" that include such things as coin collect, coin return, ringback, operator attached, and operator released. KP2, code 11, and code 12 and the ST_ps (STart "primes") all have special uses which will be mentioned only briefly here. To complete a call using a blue box, once seizure of a trunk has been accomplished by sending 2600Hz and pausing for the , one must first send a KP. This readies the register for the digits that follow. For a standard domestic call, the KP would be followed by either 7 digits (if the call were in the same NPA as the seized trunk) or 10 digits (if the call were not in the same NPA as the seized trunk). [Exactly like dialing a normal fone call]. Following either the KP and 7 or 10 digits, a STart is sent to signify that no more digits follow. Example of a complete call: 1> Dial 1-806-258-1234 2> wait for a call-progress indication (such as ring, busy, recording, etc.) 3> Send 2600Hz for about 1 second. 4> Wait for about 2 seconds while a trunk is seized. 5> Send KP+305+994+9966+ST The call will then connect if every-thing was done properly. Note that if a call to an 806 number were being placed in the same situation, the area code would be omitted and only KP+ seven digits+ST would be sent. Code 11 and code 12 are used in international calling to request certain types of operators. KP2 is used in international calling to route a call other than by way of the normal route, whether for economic or equipment reasons. STp, ST2p, and ST3p (prime, two prime, and three prime) are used in TSPS signalling to indicate calling type of call (such as coin-direct dialed). This has been Part I of Better Homes and Blue Boxing. I hope you enjoyed and learned from it. If you have any questions, comments, threats or insults, please fell free to drop me a line. If you have noticed any errors in this text (yes, it does happen), please let me know and perhaps a correction will be in Page 134 The Official Phreaker's Manual order. Part II will deal mainly with more advanced principles of blue boxing, as well as routings and operators. Note 1: other highly trunkable areas include: 816,305,813,609,205. I personally have excellent luck boxing off of 609-953-0000. Try that if you have any trouble. Page 135 The Official Phreaker's Manual =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Better Homes and Blue Boxing Part II Practical Applications =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- (It is assumed that the reader has read and understood Part I of this series). The essential purpose of blue boxing in the beginning was merely to receive toll services free of charge. Though this can still be done, blue boxing has essentially outlived its usefulness in this area. Modern day "extenders" and long distance services provide a safer and easier way to make free fone calls. However, you can do things with a blue box that just can't be done with anything else. For ordinary toll-fraud, a blue box is impractical for the following reasons: 1. Clumsy equipment required (blue box or equivalent) 2. Most boxed calls must be made through an extender. Not for safety reasons, but for reasons I'll explain later. 3. Connections are often sacrificed because considerable distances must be dialed to cross a seizable trunk, in addition to awkward routing. As stated in reason #2, boxed calls are usually made through an extender. This is for billing reasons. If you recall from Part i, 2600Hz is used as a "supervisory" signal. That is, it signals the status of a trunk--"on-hook" or "off-hook." When you seize a trunk (by briefly sending 2600Hz), your end (the CALLING end) goes on hook for the duration of the 2600Hz and then goes off-hook once again when the 2600Hz is terminated. The CALLED end recognizes that a call is on the way and attaches a register, which interprets the digits which are to be sent. Now, understand that even though your end has come off-hook (no 2600Hz present), the other end is still on-hook. You may wonder then, why, if the other end (the CALLED end) is still on-hook, there is no 2600Hz coming the other way on the trunk, when there should be. This is correct. 2600Hz *IS* present on the trunk when you seize it and afterwards, but you cannot hear it because of a Band Elimination Filter (BEF) at your central office. Back to the problem. Remember that when you seize a trunk, 2600Hz is indeed coming the other way on the trunk because the CALLED end is still on-hook, but you don't actually hear it because of a filter. However, the Bell equipment knows it's there (they can "hear" it). The presence of the 2600Hz is telling the billing equipment that your call has not yet been completed (i.e., the CALLED end is still on-hook). When finally you do connect with your boxed call, the 2600Hz from the called end terminates. This tells the billing equipment that someone picked up the fone at the CALLED end and you should begin to be billed. So you do start to get billed, but for the call to the trunk, NOT the boxed call. Your billing equipment thinks that you've connected with the number you used to seize the trunk. Illustration: 1. You call 1+806-258-2222 (directly) 2. Status of trunks: <-----------------------------------> (You) 806-258-2222 No 2600Hz-------> <------------2600Hz When you seize a trunk (before the number you called answers) there is no Page 136 The Official Phreaker's Manual affect on your billing equipment. It simply thinks that you're still waiting for the call to complete (the CALLED end is still on-hook; it is ringing, busy, going to recorder or intercept operator. Now, let's say that you've seized a trunk (806-258-2222) and for example, KP+314+949+1705+ST. The call is routed from the tandem you seized to: 314-949-1705. Illustration: <------------------>O<---------------> (You) 806 314-949 tandem No 2600Hz----------> <----------2600Hz Note that the entire path towards the right (the CALLED end) has no 2600Hz present and is therefore "off-hook." The entire path towards the left (the CALLING end) does have 2600Hz present on it, indicating that the CALLED end has not picked up (or come "off-hook"). When 314-949-1705 answers, "answer supervision" is given and the 2600Hz towards the left (the CALLING end) terminates. This tells your billing equipment, which thinks that you're still waiting to be connected with 806-258-2222, that you've finally connected. Billing then begins to 806-258-2222. Not exactly an auspicious beginning for an aspiring young phone phreak. To avoid this, several actions may be taken. As previously mentioned, one may avoid being charged for the number called to seize a trunk by using an extender (in which case the extender will get billed). In some areas, boxing may be accomplished using an 800 number, generally in the format of 800-858-xxxx (many Amarillo numbers) or 800-NN2-xxxx (special intra-state class in-WATS numbers). However, boxing off of 800 numbers is impossible in many areas. In my area, Denver, I am served by #1A ESS and it is impossible for me to box off of any 800 number. Years ago, in the early days of blue boxing (before my time), phreaks often used directory assistance to box off of because they were "free" long distance calls. However, because of competitive long distance companies, directory assistance surcharges are now $0.50 in many areas. It is additionally advised that directory assistance numbers not be used to box from because of the following: Average DA calls last under 2 minutes. When you box a call, chances are that it will last considerably longer. Thus, the Bell billing equipment will make a note of calls to directory assistance that last a long time. A call to a directory assistant lasting for 4 hours and 17 minutes may appear somewhat suspicious. Although the date, time, and length of a DA call do not appear on the bill, it is recorded on AMA tape and will trip a trouble report if it were to last too long. This is how most phreaks were discovered in the old days. Also, sometimes too many calls lasting too long to one 800 number may raise a few eyebrows at the local security office. Assuming you can complete a blue box call, the following are listed routings for various Bell internal operators. These are in the format of KP+NPA+ special routing+1X1+ST, which I will explain later. The 1X1 is the actual operator routing, and NPA and NPA+ special routing are used for out-of-area code calls and out-of-area code calls requiring special routing, respectively. KP+101+ST ...... Toll test board. Page 137 The Official Phreaker's Manual KP+121+ST ...... Inward Operator. KP+131+ST ...... Directory assistance. KP+141+ST ...... was rate & route. Now only works in 312, 815, 717, and a few others. It has been replaced with a universal rate & route number 800+141+1212. KP+151+ST ...... Overseas completion operator (inbound). Works only in certain NPAs, such as 303. KP+181+ST ...... In some areas, toll station for small towns. Thus, if you seize a trunk in 806 NPA and wanted an inward (in 806), then you would dial KP+121+ST. If you wanted a 312 inward and were dialing on an 806 trunk, an area code would be required. Thus, you would dial KP+312+121+ST. Finally, some places in the network require special routing, in addition to an area code. An example is Franklin Park, Ill. It requires a special routing of 032. For this, you would dial KP+312+032+121+ST for a Franklin Park inward operator. Special routings are in the format of 0XX. They are used primarily for load balance, so that traffic flow may be evenly distributed. About half of the exchanges in the network require special routing. Note that special routings are NEVER EVER EVER used to dial normal telephone numbers, only operators. Operator functions: TOLL TEST BOARD- Generally a cordboard position that assists in trunk testing. They are not used by operators, only switchmen. INWARD- Assists the normal TSPS (0+) operator in completing calls out of the TSPS's area. Also, inwards perform emergency interrupts when the number to be interrupted is out of the area code of the original (TSPS) operator. For example, a 303 operator has a customer that needs an emergency interrupt on 215-647-6969. The 303 operator gets the routing for the inward that covers 215-647, since she cannot do the interrupt herself. The routing is found to be only 215+ (no special routing required). So, the 303 operator keys KP+215+121+ST. An inward answers and the 303 says to her, "Inward, this is Denver. I need an emergency interrupt on 215-647-6969. My customer's name is Mark Tabas." The inward will then do the interrupt (off the line, of course). If the number to be interrupted had required special routing, such as, say, 312-456-1234 (spec routing 032), then the 303 operator would dial KP+312+032+121+ST for the inward to do that interrupt. DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE- These are the normal NPA+555+1212 operators that assist customers with obtaining telefone directory listings. Not much toll-fraud potential here, except maybe $0.50. RATE AND ROUTE- These operators are reached by dialing KP+800+141+1212+ST. They assist normal (TSPS) operators with rates and routings (thus the name). The only uses I typically have for them are the following: 1. Routing- Information- In the above example, when the 303 operator needed to dial an inward that served 215-647, she needed to know if any special routing was required and, if so, what it was. Assuming she would use rate and route, she would dial them and say nicely, "Operator's route, please, for 215-647." Rate & route would respond with "215 plus." This means that the operator would dial KP+215+121+ST to reach the inward that serves 215-647. If there were special routing required, such as in 312-456, rate & route would respond with "312 plus 032 plus." In that case, the operator would dial KP+312+032+ST for the inward Page 138 The Official Phreaker's Manual that serves 312-456. It is good practice to ask for "operator's route" specifically, as there are also "numbers route" and "directory routes." If you do not specifically ask for operator's route, rate & route will generally assume that is what you want anyway. "Numbers" route refers to overseas calls. Example, you want to know how to reach a number in Geneva, Switzerland (and you already have the number). You would call routing and say "Numbers route, please, Geneva, Switzerland." The operator would respond with: "Mark 41+22. 011+041+ST (plus) 041+22" The "Mark 41+22" has to do with billing, so disregard it. The 011+041 is access to the overseas gateway (to be discussed in Part iii) and the 041+ 22+ is the routing for Geneva from the overseas sender. "Directory" routings are for directory assistance overseas. Example: you want a DA in Rome, Italy. You would call rate & route and say, "Directory routing please, for Rome, Italy." They would respond with "011+039+ST (plus) 039+1108 STart." As in the previous example, the 011+039 is access to the overseas gateway. The 039+1108 is a directory assistant in Rome. 2. Nameplace information- Rate & Route will give you the location of an NPA+ exchange. Example: "Nameplace please, for 215-648." The operator would respond with "Paoli, Pennsylvania." This isn't especially useful, since you can get the same information (legally) by dialing 0, but using rate & route is often much faster and it avoids having to hang up when you are already on a trunk. *NOTE* On Rate & Route: As a blue boxer, always ask for "IOTC" routings. (e.g., "IOTC operator's route", "IOTC numbers route", etc.) This tells them that you want cordboard-type routings, not TSPS, because a blue boxer is actually just a cordboard position (that Bell doesn't know about). OVERSEAS COMPLETION OPERATOR (inbound)- These operators (KP+151+ST) assist in the completion of calls coming in to the United States from overseas. There are KP+151+ST operators only in a few NPAs in the country (namely 303). To use one, you would seize a trunk and dial KP+303+151+ST. Then you would tell the operator, for example, "This is Bangladesh calling. I need U.S. number 215-561-0562 please." [in a broken Indian accent]. She would connect you, and the bill would be sent to Bangladesh (where I've been billing my KP+151+ST calls for two years). Other internal Bell Operators. KP+11501+ST ...... universal operator KP+11511+ST ...... conference op KP+11521+ST ...... mobile op KP+11531+ST ...... marine op KP+11541+ST ...... long distance terminal KP+11551+ST ...... time & charges op KP+11561+ST ...... hotel/motel op KP+11571+ST ...... overseas (outbound) op These 115X1 operators are identical in routing to the 1X1 operators listed previously, with one exception. If special routing is required (0XX), then the trailing 1 is left off. Examples: Page 139 The Official Phreaker's Manual A 312 universal op ... KP+312+11501+ST A Franklin Park (312-456) universal op (special routing 032 required)........ KP+312+032+1150+ST [The trailing 1 of 11501 is left off]. Purposes of 115X1 operators. UNIVERSAL- Used for collect/callback calls to coin stations. CONFERENCE- This is a cordboard conference operator who will set up a conference for a customer on a manual operation basis. MOBILE- Assists in completion of calls to mobile (IMTS) type telefones. MARINE- Assists in completion of calls to ocean going vessels. LONG DISTANCE TERMINAL- Now obsolete.Was used for completion of long distance calls. TIME & CHARGES- Will give exact costs of calls. Used to time calls and inform customer of exactly how much it cost. HOTEL/MOTEL- Handles calls to/from hotels and motels. OVERSEAS COMPLETION (outbound)- assists in completion of calls to overseas points. Only works in some, if any NPAs, because overseas assistance has been centralized to IOCC (covered in Part III). Note that all KP+1X1+ST and KP+115X1+ST operators automatically assume that you are a TSPS or cordboard operator assisting a customer with a call. DO NOT DO ANYTHING TO JEOPARDIZE THIS! If you do not know what to do, don't call these operators! Find out what to do first. This concludes Part II. There is one final part in which I will explain overseas dialing, IOCC (International Overseas Completion Centre), RQS (Rate/Quote System), and some basic scanning. Page 140 The Official Phreaker's Manual =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Better Homes and Blue Boxing Part III Advanced Signalling =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- (It is assumed that the reader has read and understood parts i & ii before proceeding to this part). In Parts I & II, I covered basic theory and domestic signalling and operators. In this part I will explain overseas direct boxing, the IOCC, the RQS, and some basic scanning methods. Overseas Direct Boxing. Calling outside of the United States and Canada is accomplished by using an "overseas gateway." There are 7 over-seas gateways in the Bell System, and each one is designated to serve a certain region of the world. To initiate an overseas call, one must first access the gateway that the call is to be sent on. To do this automatically, decide which country you are calling and find its country code. Then, pad it to the left with zeros as required so it is three digits. [Add 1, 2, or 3 zeros as required]. Examples: Luxembourg (352) is 352 (stays the same) Spain (34) becomes 034 (1 zero added) U.S.S.R. (7) becomes 007 (2 zeros added) Next, seize a trunk and dial KP+011+ CC+ST. Note that CC is the three digit padded country code that you just determined by the above method. [For Luxembourg, dial KP+011+352+ST, Spain KP+011+034+ST, and the U.S.S.R. KP+011+ 007+ST]. This is done to route you to the appropriate overseas gateway that handles the country you are dialing. Even though every gateway will allow you to dial every dialable country, it is good practice to use the gateway that is designated for the country you are calling. After dialing KP+011+CC+ST (as CC is defined above) you should be connected to an overseas gateway. It will acknowledge by sending a wink (which is audible as a and a dial tone. Once you receive international dial tone, you may route your call one of two ways: a) as an operator-originated call, or b) as a customer-originated call. To go as a operator-originated call, key KP+ country code (NOT padded with zeros)+ city code+number+ST. You will then be connected, providing the country you are calling can receive direct-dialed calls. The U.S.S.R. is an example of a country that cannot. Example of a boxed int'l call: To make a call to the Pope (Rome, Italy), first obtain the country code, which is 39. Pad it with zeros so that it is 039. Seize a trunk and dial KP+011+039+ST. Wait for sender dial tone and then dial KP+39+6+6982+ST. 39 is the country code, 6 is the city code, and 6982 is the Pope's number in Rome. To go as an operator-originated call, simply place a zero in front of the country code when dialing on the gateway. Thus, KP+0+39+6+6982+ST would be dialed at sender dial tone. Routing your call as operator-originated does not affect much unless you are dialing an operator in a foreign country Page 141 The Official Phreaker's Manual To dial an operator in a foreign country, you must first obtain the operator routing from rate & route for that country. Dial rate & route and if you're trying to get an operator in Yugoslavia, say nicely, "IOTC Operator's route, please, for Yugoslavia." [In larger countries it may be necessary to specify a city]. Rate & route will respond with, "38 plus 11029". So, dial your overseas gateway, KP+011+038+ST, wait for sender dial tone, and key KP+0+38+11029+ST. You should then get an operator in Yugoslavia. Note that you must prefix the country code on the sender with a 0 because presumably only an operator here can dial an operator in a foreign country. When you dial KP+011+CC+ST for an overseas gateway, it is translated to a 3-digit sender code of the format 18X, depending on which sender is designated to handle the country you are dialing. The overseas gateways and their 3-digit codes are listed below. 182 ..... White Plains, NY 183 ..... New York, NY 184 ..... Pittsburg, PA 185 ..... Orlando, FL 186 ..... Oakland, CA 187 ..... Denver, CO 188 ..... New York, NY Dialing KP+182+ST would get you the sender in White Plains, and KP+183+ST would get the sender in NYC, etc., but the KP+011+CC+ST is highly suggested (as previously mentioned). To find out what sender you were routed to after dialing KP+011+CC+ST, dial (at int'l dial tone): KP+0000000+ST. If you have difficulty in reaching a sender, call rate and route and ask for a numbers route for the country you're dialing. Sometimes, KP+011+ padded country code+ST will not work. I have found this in many 3-digit country codes. Luxembourg, country code 352, for example, should be KP+011+352+ST theoretically. But it is not. In this case, dial KP+011+ 003+ST for the overseas gateway. If you have trouble, try dialing KP+00+ first digit of country code+ST, or call rate The IOCC. Sometimes when you call rate and route and ask for an "IOTC numbers route" or "IOTC operators route" for a foreign country, you will get something like "160+700" (as in the case of the Soviet Union). This means that the country is not dialable directly and must be handled through the International Overseas Completion Centre (IOCC). For an IOCC routing, pad the country code to the RIGHT with zeros until it is 3 digits. Then KP+160 is dialed, plus the padded country code, plus ST. Examples: The U.S.S.R. (7) ...... KP+160+700+ST Japan (81) ............ KP+160+810+ST Uraguay (598) ......... KP+160+598+ST You will then be routed to the IOCC in Pittsburg, PA, who will ask for country, city, and number being dialed. Many times they will ask for a ringback [thanks to Telenet Bob] so have a loop ready. They will then place the call and call you back (or sometimes put you through directly). Some calls, such as to Moscow, take several hours. The Rate Quote System (RQS). The RQS is the operator's rate/quote system. It is a computer used by TSPS Page 142 The Official Phreaker's Manual (0+) operators to get rate and route information without having to dial the rate and route operator. In Part ii, I discussed getting an inward routing for dialing-assistance and emergency interrupts from the rate and route operators (KP+800+141+1212+ST). The same information is available from RQS. Say you want the inward routing for 305-994. You would seize a trunk and dial KP+009+ST (to access the RQS). Sometimes, if you seize a trunk in an NPA not equipped with RQS, you need to dial an NPA that is equipped with RQS first, such as 303. Anyway, after you dial KP+009+ST or KP+303+009+ST, you will receive a wink () and then RQS dial tone. At RQS dial tone, for an inward routing for 305-994 you would dial KP+06+305+994+ST. That is, KP+06+NPA+exchange+ST. RQS will respond with "305 plus 033 plus". This means you would dial KP+305+033+121+ST for an inward that services 305-994. If no special routing were required, RQS would have responded with "305 plus" and you would simply dial: KP+305+121+ST for an inward. Another RQS feature is the echo feature. You can use it to test your blue box. Dial RQS (KP+009+ST) and then key KP+07+1234567890+ST. RQS will respond with voice identification of the digits it recognized, between the KP+07 and ST. RQS can also be used for rates and directory routings, but those are seldom needed, so they have been omitted here. Simple Scanning. If you're interested in scanning, try dialing on a trunk, routings in the format of KP+11XX1+ST. Begin with 11001 and scan to 11991. There are lots of interesting things to be found there, as Doctor Who (413 area) can tell you. Those 11XX1 routings can also be prefixed with an NPA, so if you want to scan area code 212, dial KP+212+ 11XX1+ST. There, now you know as much about blue boxing as most phreaks. If you read and understand the material, and put aside preconceived ideas of what blue boxing is that you may have acquired from inexperienced people or other bulletin boards, you should be well on you way to an enlightening career in blue boxing. If you follow the guidelines in Part I to box, you should have no problem with the fone company. Comments made by "phreaks" on bulletin boards that proclaim "tracing" of blue boxers are nonsense and should be ignored (except for a passing chuckle). NOTE 1: CCIS and the downfall of blue boxing. CCIS stands for Common Channel Inter-office Signalling. It is a signalling method used between electronic switching systems that eminiates the use of 2600Hz and 3700Hz supervisory signals, and MF pulsing. This is why many places cannot be boxed off of; they employ CCIS, or out-of-band signalling, which will not respond to any tones that you generate on the line. Eventually, all existing toll equipment will be upgraded or replaced with CCIS or T-carrier. In this case, we'll all be boxing with microwave dishes. Until then (about 1995 by current BOC/AT&T estimates), have fun! If you have ANY questions about this text, please feel free to drop me a line. I will respond to all mail, messages, etc. Insults are also welcomed. And if you discover anything interesting scanning, be sure to let me know. Mark Tabas $LOD$ Page 143 The Official Phreaker's Manual This text was prepared in full by Mark Tabas for: K.A.O.S. Philadelphia, PA. [215-465-3593]. Any sysop may freely download this text and use it on his/her BBS, provided that none of it be altered in any way. Technical acknowledgements: Karl Marx, X-Man, High-Rise Joe, Telenet Bob, Lex Luthor, TUC, John Doe, Doctor Who (413 area), The Tone Sweep, Mr. Silicon, K00L KAT, The Glump. References: 1. Notes on the BOC Intra-LATA Networks Bell System publication, 1983. 2. Notes on the Network Bell System publication, 1983. 3. Engineering and Operations in the Bell System Bell System publication, 1983. 4. Notes on Distance Dialing Bell System publication, 1968. 5. Early Medieval Architecture. ....................................... (c) February 6, 1900 Mark Tabas ....................................... Page 144 The Official Phreaker's Manual BY FRED STEINBECK (TAP #88) IT SEEMS THAT FEWER AND FEWER PEOPLE HAVE BLUE BOXES THESE DAYS, AND THAT IS REALLY TOO BAD. BLUE BOXES, WHILE NOT ALL THAT GREAT FOR MAKING FREE CALLS (SINCE THE TPC CAN TELL WHEN THE CALL WAS MADE, AS WELL AS WHERE IT WAS TOO AND FROM), ARE REALLY A LOT OF FUN TO PLAY WITH. SHORT OF BECOMING A REAL LIVE TSPS OPERATOR, THEY ARE ABOUT THE ONLY WAY YOU CAN REALLY PLAY WITH THE NETWORK. FOR THE FEW OF YOU WITH BLUE BOXES, HERE ARE SOME PHRASES WHICH MAY MAKE LIFE EASIER WHEN DEALING WITH THE RATE & ROUTE (R&R) OPERATORS. TO GET THE R&R OP, YOU SEND A KP + 141 + ST. IN SOME AREAS YOU MAY NEED TO PUT ANOTHER NPA BEFORE THE 141 (I.E., KP + 213 + 141 + ST), IF YOU HAVE NO LOCAL R&R OPS. THE R&R OPERATOR HAS A MYRIAD OF INFORMATION, AND ALL IT TAKES TO GET THIS DATA IS MUMBLING CRYPTIC PHRASES. THERE ARE BASICALLY FOUR SPECIAL PHRASES TO GIVE THE R&R OPS. THEY ARE NUMBERS ROUTE, DIRECTORY ROUTE, OPERATOR ROUTE, AND PLACE NAME. YOU GET AN R&R AN AREA CODE FOR A CITY, ONE CAN CALL THE R&R OPERATOR AND ASK FOR THE NUMBERS ROUTE. FOR EXAMPLE, TO FIND THE AREA CODE FOR CARSON CITY, NEVADA, WE'D ASK THE R&R OP FOR "CARSON CITY, NEVADA, NUMBERS ROUTE, PLEASE." AND GET THE ANSWER, "RIGHT... 702 PLUS." MEANING THAT 702 PLUS 7 DIGITS GETS US THERE. SOMETIMES DIRECTORY ASSISTANCE ISN'T JUST NPA + 131. THE WAY TO GET THESE ROUTINGS IS TO CALL R&R AND ASK FOR "ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA, DIRECTORY ROUTE, PLEASE." OF COURSE, SHE'D TELL US IT WAS 714 PLUS, WHICH MEANS 714 + 131 GETS US THE D.A. OP THERE. THIS IS SORT OF POINTLESS EXAMPLE, BUT I COULDN'T COME UP WITH A BETTER ONE ON SHORT NOTICE. LET'S SAY YOU WANTED TO FIND OUT HOW TO GET TO THE INWARD OPERATOR FOR SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA. THE FIRST SIX DIGITS OF A NUMBER IN THAT CITY WILL BE REQUIRED (THE NPA AND AN NXX). FOR EXAMPLE, LET US USEM 916 756. WE WOULD CALL R&R, AND WHEN THE OPERATOR ANSWERED, SAY, "916 756, OPERATOR ROUTE, PLEASE." THE OPERATOR WOULD SAY, "916 PLUS 001 PLUS." THIS MEANS THAT 916 + 001 + 121 WILL GET YOU THE INWARD OPERATOR FOR SACRAMENTO. DO YOU KNOW THE CITY WHICH CORRESPONDS TO 503-640? THE R&R OPERATOR DOES, AND WILL TELL YOU THAT IT IS HILLSBORO, OREGON, IF YOU SWEETLY ASK FOR "PLACE NAME, 503 640, PLEASE." FOR EXAMPLE, LET'S SAY YOU NEED THE DIRECTORY ROUTE FOR SVEG, SWEDEN. SIMPLY CALL R&R, AND ASK FOR, "INTERNATIONAL, BADEN, SWITZERLAND. TSPS DIRECTORY ROUTE, PLEASE." IN RESPONSE TO THIS, YOU'D GET, "RIGHT... DIRECTORY TO SVEG, SWEDEN. COUNTRY CODE 46 PLUS 1170." SO YOU'D ROUTE YOURSELF TO AN INTERNATIONAL SENDER, AND SEND 46 + 1170 TO GET THE D.A. OPERATOR IN SWEDEN. INWARD OPERATOR ROUTINGS TO VARIOUS COUNTRIES ARE OBTAINED THE SAME WAY "INTERNATIONAL, LONDON, ENGLAND, TSPS INWARD ROUTE, PLEASE." AND GET "COUNTRY CODE 44 PLUS 121." THEREFORE, 44 PLUS 121 GETS YOU INWARD FOR LONDON. INWARDS CAN GET YOU LANGUAGE ASSISTANCE IF YOU DON'T SPEAK THE LANGUAGE. TELL THE FOREIGN INWARD, "UNITED STATES CALLING. LANGUAGE ASSISTANCE IN COMPLETING A CALL TO (CALLED PARTY) AT (CALLED NUMBER)." R&R OPERATORS ARE PEOPLE ARE PEOPLE TOO, Y'KNOW. SO ALWAYS BE POLITE, MAKE SURE USE OF 'EM, AND DIAL WITH CARE. NOTE: AS A RESULT OF THE BREAK-UP, R&R IS NOW KP+800+141+1212+ST Page 145 The Official Phreaker's Manual Verification By Fred Steinbeck From TAP issue # 88 10-83 There has been a great deal of controversy in the realm of phreakdom over a mysterious subject known under a number of different names, including "Verification", "Autoverification", "Verify", "Autoverify", "Verify Busy", and even "VFY BY". All of these names basically mean the same thing: the ability to listen to another person's telephone line from any telephone in the direct-dialable world. Needless to say, Bell System is very tight lipped about knowledge regarding verification. Indeed, the infamous book 'Notes on long distance dialing' ('68 edition) says, "Care must be taken to insure that the customer never gains verification capabilities." With a printed policy like that, you can imagine what their real-world policy is like! Even their own rate and route operators will not give verification on routing codes (at least in my experience), one even responding, "What?! You must be crazy! We don't give those out!" Before you get too far into this article, I will state simply: I don't know how to verify. However, I have been fooling with various things related to it, and collecting information on it for some time now. Therefore, while I can't do it (yet), I may be able to point some other bright TAPer on the right track, and perhaps he or she will show us all how. If you have knowledge not covered in this article, but don't want to write an article on your own, please send your ideas, comments, or information to Project Verify, C/O TAP Verify has also been called "Autoverify", and I have no idea why. This is not, to my knowledge, a Bell System term (at least I've never seen it in any manuals) As far as I know, there is verify, which means being able to listen to speech (kind of; see below) on a line, and there is the "Emergency Interrupt which allows you to take part in the conversation taking place on the line in question. It has been suggested that "Autoverify" is the same as an emergency interrupt , but I tend to disagree with this idea. It should be noted that the verification circuitry does not actually let an operator listen to a conversation without making a beep on the line every so often. Instead, she will hear encrypted speech. However, I believe with the proper methods, verify can be converted to an emergency interrupt. Verification is normally done either by your normal "0" (TSPS) operator, if the call is in your home NPA (HNPA), or by an inward operator (IO). If the call is outside your HNPA, your normal operator will call the IO for the NPA,and say, "Verify Busy" or "Emergency Interrupt" please, 555 1212." The IO will perform whatever magic he or she must, and then report back. If the call is in your HNPA, though, the "0" operator can do the verification herself by using the "VFY BY" key on her keyshelf. However, in some areas, the operator uses a routing code to accomplish verification, and this the is loop hole we shall attack. It follows that if a IO or "0" operator can do it, so can we, with a blue box Now, courtesy of Robert Allen (who brought it to my attention) and Susan Thunder (who apparently discovered it), here is what used to work for getting operators to hook you into conversations with other people (i.e.,let you listen to them till you hung up): You'd call the operator and say "Operator, TSPS Maintenance Engineer Calling. Ring forward to 001 + NPA + 7d, ring back to my number, hit ring forward, no AMA, and then position release. This creates some problems, and you must be familiar with the TSPS console(by dialing "0"), you are on the "back", or incoming part of a loop. When she places a call for you, the call goes out on the "forward", or outgoing part of the loop. If an operator wants to make a call, she punches KP FWD (keypulse forward), the number, and ST. Ring FWD puts a 90 volt ringing signal across the forward part of the line (and may dial the number as well). The Page 146 The Official Phreaker's Manual problem arises from the fact that I don't know if Ring FWD will actually dial a call, and if there is some other subtle difference between it an KP FWD. Let us assume ringing forward makes a call from the TSPS console to whatever number is given. Ring back causes your phone to ring (it is assumed you hung up after giving her your instructions; if you didn't you'd hear an annoying 90 volts across the earpiece...) "No AMA" means "no automatic message accounting", so nobody gets billed for the call, although it will show up on a tape somewhere. "Position Release" removes the operator from the circuit, and allows her to receive other calls. This leaves an unaccounted-for ring forward. The verification circuit, as you know, likes to encrypt conversation, which is something we don't want. Well, the second Ring FWD sends another 90 volts crashing against the verify circuitry, which Juda Gerad thinks removes the voice encryption from the line, puts the operator (and you) in circuit, and puts a beep tone on the line every five seconds. This seems to make sense, and I am inclined to agree with him. The bit about "....001 + NPA + 7D" causes the thought "MF routing code" to spring immediately to mind. Now, the above trick was supposed to work in the 213 NPA. I have tried both "KP+001+213+7D+ST", and some other area codes. I generally get nothing, a reorder signal, or a tandem recording. Here's some food for thought: On an official Telco sheet I have, labeled " 213 NPA MF Routing Codes", 001 is listed as "VFY BY", or verify busy for the 213 NPA. 002 is listed for the 805 NPA. Ma Bell likes to have standardized routing codes, such logical, then, that 001 would be a sort of "standard" verify code, and other prefixes would be tacked on at 002,003, etc. However, I have heard from a retired operator that verification codes are different from area to area, and are not always nice numbers like 001, 002. Ah, well, a guy can hope, can't he? Some suggestions for future attacks on this dilemma: Everyone call your operators and subtly ask questions. I have found the tend to give information out easier if you ask for something that you would ordinarily have to be a company employee to know about, such as rate steps, operator routings, etc. Casually let slip that you used to be (or still are) an operator, or that you work for company security. Also, you might want to blue box some codes like 001 followed by your NPA and the last 7D of a busy number. If you get a sort of "whispery noise", try blasting the line with a ringing signal (you might piggyback another line onto yours and call the piggyback to generate the 90 volts) and see if that does anything. Page 147 The Official Phreaker's Manual =================================== EQUAL ACCESS AND THE AMERICAN DREAM =================================== by Mark Tabas P.O. Box 620401 Littleton, CO 80162 July 7, 1985 The American Dream means many things to many people. To the small, typical businessman, it means building a good, strong business based on hard work and perseverance; indeed, with nothing limiting his potential but he amount of work he is willing to put into his business. To a large businessman, the American Dream means living and working in a country where a single corporation can have a profit exceeding the gross national product of an entire third world nation. To the individual, the American Dream is the right to choose -- everything from one's breakfast cereal to a long-distance service, as well as the formal right outlined by our founding fathers: those of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. To the phone phreak, I think the American Dream is, in a sort of twisted way, the uninhibited pursuit of knowledge. This quest could scarcely remain unchecked in many other countries. Analogous to this quest is the thriving of the Bell System, which until January 1, 1984 consisted of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, the largest corporation in the history of the world. Did the American Dream die on January first or did the divestiture of AT&T cause a giant step forward for competition and free enterprise in the United States? I do not know. I do know that the other nations of the world were amazed that the United States would dissolve the entity that brought the finest and most universal telephone system in the world, and did so at a time when the majority of the rest of the world was still using two dixie cups and a string. The unfairness of the situation is that AT&T built the telephone system of this nation and is now being bound and gagged and having its possessions distributed to others, whom AT&T also wrought. All in the name of fairness, free competition, and "equal access". Where was was MCI during the century that AT&T built he communications system of this nation? Well, I believe in Equal Access, Wholly. And, since I believe in equal access and its implications for equality for all so strongly, I feel that MCI, Sprint, and others should take the same amount of time to build their respective toll networks: 100 years. Therefore, if the United States Justice Department were truly the fair and just administrator that it portrays itself to be, MCI would not have a hand in the long-distance cache until about 2080. That's only fair. There is no doubt that MCI is a sub-standard organization. They consist of incompetent employees, inferior equipment, and an inferior marketing strategy. They are mockingly imitative of AT&T, except in the quality of their service, which is practically unusable. It is also interesting that with less than 2% market share, MCI calls itself "the nation's long-distance company." The point to this diatribe is this. It's time for these long-distance companies such as MCI and Sprint to grow up. With Equal Access, they are going to become real long-distance companies, not the joke organizations they are now, and I think it may just take them one hundred years to do so. Page 148 The Official Phreaker's Manual ============ Equal Access ============ Equal Access, as it applies to the telecommunications industry, is "the requirement that each Bell Operating Company provide exchange access to all long-distance carriers that is equal in type and quality to that provided AT&T communications." This is the official provision set forth by the United States Justice Department in the Modification of the Final Judgment, August 24, 1982. All this means is that each long-distance-distance company will have "equal access" to all of the same types of services that AT&T currently enjoys. There are four types of long-distance carrier services, divided into "feature groups." They follow. FG A: "line side access." This is the standard 7-digit dialup+code (for billing purposes) +destination telephone number. It is currently in use by most long-distance carriers. FG B: "trunk side access." These are the 950 exchange numbers. They also utilize an authorization code for billing. As with FG A, automatic number identification (ANI) (i.e. calling number) is not provided to the carrier, but will be in the future. FG C: "1+ dialing." Currently, only AT&T is able to get this type of service. It is 1/0+7 of 10 digit direct long distance dialing. ANI (for billing) is provided. FG D: "equal access." This will allow for 1/0+7 or 10 digit direct long-distance dialing (presubscription carrier) and 10xxx+1/0+7 or 10 digit long-distance dialing (alternate carrier). ANI for billing is provided at the long-distance carrier's option. Billing may also be handled by the individual long distance company or the local Bell Operating Company. Feature groups C and D are mutually exclusive (i.e. both cannot exist in a particular area at the same time). Areas which have Feature Group C (AT&T long-distance only) are non-Equal Access, and areas which have Feature Group D (multiple long distance carriers) are Equal Access regions. Feature Group B, the 950 exchange numbers will be used in areas in which it is not feasible to provide with Equal Access, such as step-by-step offices (yes, they CAN have 950 numbers), some crossbar offices, and some independent telcos, which are not bound by the provisions of Equal Access and may provide to their customers any type of long-distance service(s) they wish. The 950 exchange is now active in many areas. It is mainly used as a universal "roaming" access port for many long-distance carriers, but when an office is converted to Equal Access, the 950 capability is removed. Thus, in an Equal Access region, one cannot complete a call to a 950 telephone number. I personally am looking very forward to Equal Access. My area is not scheduled for full implementation of it until late 1985 or early 1986, and by this time many of the alternate long distance carriers' networks will be in place (or well under way). Think about what Equal Access means. Equality for all long distance carriers. Access to common facilities, such as: busy-line verification lines, Bell System information, signalling specifications. etc. After full implementation of Equal Access, one will be able to take advantage of and manipulate the services of more than just one carrier. It will no longer be phreaks vs. AT&T. When your area is ready to initiate Equal Access, you will receive a notice in the mail informing you of some of the details of Equal Access, and will ask Page 149 The Official Phreaker's Manual you to specify your choice of "primary carrier." In some cases you will need to specify both inter-LATA carrier (IC), which handles calls out of your LATA (Local Access and Transport Area), and an international carrier (INC), which will handle calls destined for other countries. Recent market studies have shown that between 80 and 90 per cent of residential customers will continue to be served by AT&T for their long-distance service after Equal Access. So much for competition. You will probably be faced with many long-distance companies to choose from, including but not limited to: AT&T, MCI, Sprint, ITT, Western Union, Dial U.S., Call America, TMC, and U.S. Telephone. Whichever you choose will become your "primary carrier." Your primary carrier will handle your call each time you pick up you fone and dial 1+7 or 10 digits or 0+7 or 10 digits, inter-LATA only. That is, if you dial a toll call that is within your LATA, it will be handled by your local telephone company (Bell), not by your primary carrier, even though it is a toll call. Let's use an example. The state of Colorado consists of two LATAs. For this example, I will use three cities in Colorado: Denver (in LATA1), Sterling (LATA1 also), and Colorado Springs (in LATA2). Note here that even though Denver ad Sterling are in the same LATA, and Denver and Colorado Springs are not, Sterling is actually much farther away from Denver than Colorado Springs. This is because LATA boundaries were designed giving consideration to high toll-traffic regions, to bring in revenue. Toll traffic between Denver and Colorado Springs is very high, so the two cities were placed in separate LATAs (or, more correctly, they were separated by a LATA boundary). Toll traffic between Denver and Sterling is very low, of the two cities were allowed to remain in the same LATA. Now, if everyone in Colorado Springs were to pack up and move to Sterling (though who knows what the hell for), the LATA boundaries in Colorado would be changed so that Denver and Sterling were in different LATAs. The primary factor in determining LATAs is money. If I made a call to Sterling from my home in Denver, the call would be routed entirely via Mountain Bell long-distance facilities. No long distance carrier would be involved because Denver and Sterling are in LATA1. If I made a call to Kelley, the blonde babe in Colorado Springs, the call would be handled by a long distance carrier (in this case, AT&T) because Denver is in LATA1 and Colorado Springs is in LATA2. Here is a table to simplify this: Customer dials LATA Carrier ----------------------------------------------------------------- 7 digits same Bell 1+7 digits same Bell 1+7 digits diff LD carrier (currently AT&T) 1+10 digits diff LD carrier (currently AT&T) ----------------------------------------------------------------- Note several things here. First, not all areas need to dial a 1 when dialing any number, local or long distance, but the central offices will still discern whether the call is in the same LATA as the customer or a different one and handle the call appropriately. Secondly, some step-by-step offices require a 1+NPA to be dialed for calls within the same LATA and, in fact, all numbers outside of the office itself. But, for the most part, the above table is standard for common switching networks. ================== Alternate Carriers ================== Your normal long distance carrier will handle all your toll calls which cross over LATA boundaries when you dial directly, 1+. If you wish to place your Page 150 The Official Phreaker's Manual call via another carrier's network, whether for cost, quality, or circuit availability reasons, you may do so in Equal Access regions. To access an alternate long distance carrier after Equal Access, a customer dials 10xxx+1/0+7 or 10 digit telefone number. Note that xxx is the "carrier access code (CAC)." A few CACs currently in use are listed below. 220 ........ Western Union 666 ........ Lexitel 222 ........ MCI 777 ........ Sprint 333 ........ US Telefone 888 ........ SBS 444 ........ Allnet Thus, in an Equal Access region, to dial Fred in Orlando, a customer would dial 1+305+994+9966 to place his call on his primary carrier, or to place it on another network, he could dial: 10222+1+305+994+9966, and the call would go over MCI facilities (in this case). Eventually, after many more long distance services get into the act, there will be a directory of the various long distance companies and their CACs, and deciding which carrier to use for any particular call to get the bet rate will be beyond the ability of everyone except phone phreaks. ================ The 950 Exchange ================ As discussed, the 950 central office exchange is currently a "roaming" access port for various long distance carriers. In areas that have 950, the access to carriers is standardized. Thus, someone travelling to several different areas need only know the 950 number of the carrier he uses to access it from any area (provided that it have 950 active). Originally, the 950 exchange was designed to correspond with the 10xx carrier access code used for Equal Access. For example, 950-1022 would be the same carrier as 1022 (+telephone number). However, it was later found that the 100 codes available for use as 10xx CACs would be insufficient to handle he number of long distance carriers. So, the common carrier access code was increased by one digit, to 10xxx, thus increasing the number of possible CACs to 1000. To keep the 950 exchange consistent with the non CAC, the Bell Operating Companies have opted to change the 950-10xx to 950-0xxx. The xxx in the 950-0xxx remains the same as the xxx in the 10xxx carrier access code. The new modified 950 numbering pan is now active in Philadelphia (Bell Atlantic) among other areas. After Equal Access is well under way, the 950 exchange will be used in certain areas that cannot be equipped for the standard Equal Access dialing plans. This includes step-by-step, #1 crossbar, #5 crossbar, #2ESS, and #3ESS offices. Customers in areas served by these types of switching equipment will dial 950-0xxx, wait for acknowledgement tone from the carrier, and then dial a "personal identification number" and destination telefone number,and the call will be completed on the selected carrier's facilities. Initially, billing will be handled by the carrier itself, and supervisory information and ANI will not be provided by the local Bell Operating Company. There are three main advantages to the 950 central office exchange and protocol. They are: a) universal access for all areas, b) 950-exchange numbers are "trunk side access." This means that the long distance carrier has direct trunks going to it from a Bell toll office or local central office. These trunks are interoffice lines, not customer type (POTS) lines, and supposedly insure higher quality of connection. And, c) 950-exchange numbers are toll and message unit free. On metered-usage (i.e., not "flat rate") customer lines, they cost nothing. In most areas they are free from coin stations, with Colorado as one notable exception. Page 151 The Official Phreaker's Manual ===== Costs ===== Each long-distance carrier must choose the type(s) of service it wishes to provide to its customers. These different types of service were outlined earlier as "Feature Groups." The costs of these Feature Groups vary directly with the complexity and quality of the service itself. The following table outlines the cost to the carrier of each available Feature Group. It is based on the monthly rate per line for 9000 minutes of circuit use, and assumes the carrier and Bell switch are 15 miles apart. FG non-Equal Access Equal Access -------------------------------------------------------- A $329.94 $709.20 B 329.94 721.80 C 752.40 ** N/A ** D ** N/A ** 752.40 -------------------------------------------------------- These figures are a lot more significant than they might appear. They indicate that after Equal Access, in order to compete with the giants such as AT&T, MCI, etc., smaller long distance companies will use Feature Group A or B type service in order to provide significantly lower rates to their customers than companies subscribing to Feature Group D service (like AT&T, MCI, etc). This will cause a unique type of equilibrium to form. Customers willing to dial an access number, authorization code, and destination number and put up with lower quality service will be able to save a lot of money. This seems faintly reminiscent of pre-Equal Access times.... ==================== Directory Assistance ==================== Each Bell Operating Company will be responsible for providing intra-LATA operator services. When a customer dials (1)+411 or (1)+555+1212 for local directory assistance, he will reach a Bell operator who will service requests for listed numbers within the customer's LATA. Requests for numbers in LATAs other than the calling customer's may be handled at the discretion of the local operating company. Initially, the Bell Operating Companies will meet the responsibility for providing directory assistance services by contracting it to a long distance carrier or carriers (currently AT&T). All inter-LATA directory assistance services will be provided by the inter-LATA carrier (IC). ICs may also provide 800 Enterprise service or other toll free type directory assistance services. See table. ================================================================= Intra-LATA: ================================================================= HNPA 411/555-1212 BOC *FNPA NPA+555-1212 BOC HNPA 10xxx+555-1212 intra-LATA carrier *FNPA 10xxx+NPA+555-1212 intra-LATA carrier ================================================================= Inter-LATA: ================================================================= HNPA (10xxx)+1+555-1212 IC Page 152 The Official Phreaker's Manual FNPA (10xxx)+1+NPA+555-1212 IC ================================================================= * When LATA boundaries cross NPA boundaries (rare). FNPA = Foreign Numbering Plan Area (area code). HNPA = Home Numbering Plan Area (area code). At first glance, the above table appears somewhat complex. But, if you understand the concept of LATAs and carriers, it is easily understood. Essentially, all local Bell Operating Companies will maintain their own directory assistance services. When a customer dials 411 or 555-1212, he will reach a BOC directory assistant. Additionally, each long distance carrier that wishes to provide directory assistance to its customers will also have DA facilities. And, when a customer dials a directory assistant (NPA+555-1212) on a carrier, he will reach an operator of that particular long distance carrier. The key here is LATAs. If a customer wants to find a number that is within his LATA, no long distance carrier is involved. It is handled strictly by the Local Bell Operating Company. If a customer is seeking a number that is not within his LATA, he must use the services of an inter-LATA (long-distance) carrier. ====================== TSPS Operator Services ====================== Traffic Service Position System (TSPS) operator services will be handled much in the same fashion as directory assistance services, with a few differences. As with DAs, each Bell Operating Company and each inter-LATA carrier will maintain its own TSPS operator facilities (or cordboard I suppose, if they cannot afford TSPS). When a customer dials simply 0 (operator), he will reach a BOC TSPS operator. The BOC TSPS will be able to handle all types of intra-LATA operator-assisted traffic including (but not limited to): collect, third party billing, Bell credit card, coin, verification and emergency interrupt, and requests for emergency aid. BOC TSPS will be unable to complete calls for customers outside of the customer's LATA. Thus, inter-LATA operator assistance will be handled by an inter-LATA carrier TSPS (IC TSPS). An IC TSPS will handle all previously mentioned types of calls that require inter-LATA transport (i.e., the call originates and terminates in different LATAs). When a customer dials 0+NXX-XXXXX or 0+NPA+NXX-XXXX, the central office will determine if the call is destined for another LATA. If it is not, the call will be sent to the Bell TSPS for appropriate handling. If the call is bound for another LATA (and his determination is made based on the NXX or NPA+NXX), then the call will be sent off to the customer's primary long-distance carrier (since only 0+ was dialed). If the customer wishes to use a different carrier's operator services, he would dial 10xxx+0+number, and the carrier specified by the 10xxx carrier access code would receive the call. Note: if a customer dials 10xxx+0+number, and the call is an intra-LATA call, he will get a recording, "We're sorry, the number you dialed cannot be reached with the carrier access code you dialed. Please check the code and try again or call your carrier for assistance." (Western Electric KS-22550 central office tape list no. 46.) Until the Bell Operating Companies can install their own TSPS facilities and networks, they will (continue to) lease capacity from AT&T TSPS. That is, AT&T will handle the intra-LATA traffic for the BOCs on a contract basis. In the meantime, AT&T will continue to handle its own long-distance operator services while the other inter-LATA carriers will have to implement their own operator networks from scratch. My estimation is that you won't be able to dial 10222+0 for an MCI TSPS operator until sometime around the year 2590. And even then they will probably be cordboard. In addition to the changes in TSPS described above, there will be certain Page 153 The Official Phreaker's Manual modifications to the software and hardware involved in the TSPS operator system. Most critical, and of paramount importance to the telecommunications enthusiast is changes in circuit associated signalling (CAS). This is signalling to and from the TSPS facility. When a customer dials 0 (operator) or 10xxx+0 (IC operator), a succession of events occurs. First, the end office seizes a trunk to the appropriate operator facility (this assumes that no access tandem is involved). The operator service facility responds with a wink (proceed signal) and the end office outpulses the CALLED number (or KP+ST if 0 only dialed). The operator service (OS) facility will then come off-hook to signal that it is ready to receive ANI information. The end office outpulses the ANI information in the format of KP+II+7 digits+ST (or ST'). If there is ANI failure, a KP+02+ST (or ST') will be sent. "ST'" stands for STart "prime", and is indicative of a coin call (i.e., dial 0 from a coin station). A normal ST terminating the ANI sequence means that the call is originating from a noncoin station. See table for ultimate description. Inter-LATA calls MF-pulsed type of call customer dials cld num ANI ============================================================ noncoin: ============================================================ direct dialed 10xxx+1+7/10d KP+7/10d+ST'' KP+II+7d+ST operator assist 10xxx+0 KP+ST''' KP+II+7d+ST special toll 10xxx+0+7/10d KP+7/10d+ST''' KP+II+7d+ST ============================================================ coin: ============================================================ direct dialed 10xxx+1+7/10d KP+7/10d+ST KP+II+7d+ST operator assist 10xxx+0 KP+ST' KP+II+7d+ST special toll 10xxx+0+7/10d KP+7/10d+ST' KP+II+7d+ST ============================================================================= Intra-LATA calls ============================================================================= noncoin: ============================================================================= direct dialed 10xxx+1+7/10d KP+7/10d+ST'' KP+II+7d+ST' operator assist 10xxx+0 KP+ST''' KP+II+7d+ST' special toll 10xxx+0+7/10d KP+7/10d+ST''' KP+II+7d+ST' ============================================================================= coin: ============================================================================= direct dialed 10xxx+1+7/10d KP+7/10d+ST KP+II+7d+ST' operator assist 10xxx+0 KP+ST' KP+II+7d+ST' special toll 10xxx+0+7/10d KP+7/10d+ST' KP+II+7d+ST' ============================================================================= Note: ST=Start, ST'=STart prime, ST''=Start double prime, ST'''=STart triple prime. Once again, the above table appears somewhat intimidating in its complexity. All these STs, ST primes, etc. Actually, the only purpose of the starts is to distinguish to the TSPS machine exactly what type of call the customer is placing and from what type of telefone he is calling. "Special toll" calls are collect, credit card, and third-party billing type calls. Here is an example of a complete dialing and outpulsing sequence for an operator service call: Page 154 The Official Phreaker's Manual from a coin fone, a customer dials 0+ (or 10xxx+) 303+979-9997. The central office would seize a trunk to the operator service facility and outpulse: KP+303+979-9997+ST'. This indicates to the operator service facility that the call is a special toll call originating from a coin telephone. The OS facility comes off-hook and the central office would then outpulse KP+00+232+9969+ST. This is he ANI information, and the ST indicates that the call is inter-LATA (if it were intra-LATA, the sequence would be terminated with ST' instead). Perhaps now I should explain screening. Certain telefones are "screened" against placing certain types of calls. A screening code is a two digit information carrier. For instance, 00 is "identified line" (no special treatment), 01 is multiparty ONI (operator number identification), 02 is ANI failure, 06 is hotel/motel, 07 is coinless (hospital/inmate fone), 08 is inter-LATA restricted, 68 is hotel inter-LATA restricted, 78 is coinless (hospital inmate) inter-LATA restricted, etc. A 98 is an AT&T Charge-A-Call fone (those blue fuckers). More screening codes are allocated as they are needed. Note that the original TSPS screening design only allowed for single digit information digits. They were later found to be insufficient. I believe that the operator services have been adequately covered, so I will now move on to other aspects of Equal Access. ============= Routing Codes ============= The TTC (terminating toll centre) and special routing codes will continue to be used in inter-LATA networks. These 0xx and 1xx type codes, which sometimes precede operator routing codes, will be assigned to various ICs on an individual basis. When 0xx and 1xx codes serve as pseudo-central office code, they will be coordinated such that it will avoid IC conflicts. The Numbering/Dialing Planning Group of the Central Services Organization (sounds like some sort of Communist governing body) will provide assistance where the assignment of coordinated codes is necessary. ================== Special Area Codes ================== Special area codes, also called Service Area Codes (SACs) presented the designers of Equal Access with an interesting problem. SACs are N00 type area codes, such as 700, 800, and 900. They are used for special services and unlike normal area codes, are not associated with a particular state or region. Each long distance carrier will be allocated its own exchanges in each service area code. Thus, when a customer places a call to a number in a service area code, the central office will examine the exchange of the telefone number and route the call over the proper carrier's facilities. The customer will be totally oblivious to this process. Current SACs include 700 (teleconferencing), 800 (toll free services), and 900 (dial-it services). There are currently plans under way to implement the 600 area code, although its exact uses are not yet clear. ================ Signalling to IC ================ Each long distance carrier that wishes to serve a particular LATA must establish a point of presence (POP) in that LATA. A carrier's POP is a toll office that receives toll traffic destined for another LATA. A POP is a centre for inter-LATA transport of toll traffic. This traffic will be directed to it Page 155 The Official Phreaker's Manual from a Bell central office, either an end office or an access tandem (AT). An access tandem is simply a Bell office which directs long distance traffic from a number of local end offices to a number of different inter-LATA carriers. To pass call details (such as called and calling numbers) from the Bell local office to the inter-LATA carrier, a signalling system was designed that employs current multifrequency (MF) signalling protocol. When a customer dials 10xxx+(1/0)+(NPA)+NXX+, the end office will seize a trunk to the appropriate IC as determined by the 10xxx CAC (or primary carrier if no CAC is dialed). Note: this happens as soon as the customer finishes dialing the exchange, even though he may still be dialing the last four digits of he telefone number. After the end office has seized a trunk to the IC, the IC will return a wink, which is the signal to proceed. Then, the end office will send ANI information, in the format of: KP+II+10 digit ANI+ST. If the carrier is not to receive ANI information from the Bell Operating Company (i.e., they are not paying for it), then only KP+ST is sent. Presumably, by now the customer has completed dialing the last four digits of the destination telefone number, so the end office will send: KP+7 or 10 digit CALLED number+ST. Note several things here: 1) The IC does not send a wink when it is ready to receive CALLED number information. 2) ANI information is ten digits, plus a two-digit screening code, and 3) The central office's outpulsing to the IC overlaps the customer's dialing. Some ANI screening codes include: 00 (identified POTS), 01 (ONI multiparty), 02 (ANI failure), 06 (hotel without room identification), 07 (coinless, hospital, inmate, etc.), 08 (inter-LATA restriction), 10 (test call), 20 (AIOD calls, listed DN sent), 27 (coin call), and 95 (test call). These are the same or similar as the screening codes used in operator service signalling. In addition to the domestic signalling design outlined above, a new international signalling system has been designed for use with Equal Access. It also uses two-stage, overlapping outpulsing. After a customer has completed dialing (10xxx)+011+CC (CC is country code), the Bell end office will seize a trunk to he appropriate IC (or international carrier, if direct routing is available). The IC/INC will respond with a wink, and the end office will outpulse: KP+1NX+YXX+CCC+ST. Each of these three groups of routing information indicate something different abut the international call being placed. The 1NX is the "international system routing code, one for each type of call routing." I have absolutely no idea what that means, and no one I have talked to at Bell, AT&T, MCI, CCITT, ITT, the CSO and FCC have any idea either. Next, the YXX is the carrier routing code. It is actually XXX, Which is the three digits of the 10xxx CAC for the particular carrier being accessed. Finally, CCC is the country code, padded with a zero if necessary. One may wonder why the CAC is signalled forward when a trunk is seized directly to the carrier itself. The reason for this is that in some cases a direct trunk to the carrier is not available and the call must be routed through an access tandem, which is responsible for routing calls to a variety of different long distance carriers. ==================== Switch Compatibility ==================== Full-feature Equal Access will become available first for Western Electric #1ESS switching systems. It will be available first in generic 1E8 (1AE8 for #1A ESS). Later, generic 5E2 for #5ESS, generic 2B4 for #2B ESS, generic BCS-16 for Northern Telecom DMS-100, and generics 209 and 302 for DMS-10 will provide full-feature Equal Access capabilities in those types of end office switching equipment. The Western Electric #4ESS, #1 and 1A ESS, #5ESS, and the Northern Telecom DMS-200 machines which serve as toll offices or access tandems will be capable of receiving the new Equal Access signalling format, after required generic development. Other switches (such as all crossbar offices) Page 156 The Official Phreaker's Manual will not be able to handle the new signalling format. ===== LATAs ===== LATAs, Local Access and Transport Areas, are the entire key to the administration of Equal Access. They can be thought of as miniature area codes. A telefone call can never cross a LATA boundary except on an inter-LATA carrier. However, there are certain exceptions to this. For example, in the state of Colorado, which consists of two LATAs, the local Bell Operating Company (Mountain Bell), which serves as the intra-LATA (i.e., calls to/from the same LATA) carrier, may also serve as inter-LATA (to/from different LATAs) carrier within Colorado. There are also exceptions in the corridor region of the New York/New Jersey/Pennsylvania area. The forty-eight continental United States consist of 161 LATAs. Some states, such as Deleware, consist of only one LATA, while others, such as Illinois, can have up to 14 or more. Each LATA is given a name. For instance, Pennsylvania consists of six LATAs: Philadelphia, Capital, Northeast, Altoona, Pittsburgh, and Erie (independent telco). ============== A Few Thoughts ============== In 1973, Chrysler, A&P, RCA, Phillips Petroleum, S.S. Kresge, Boeing Aircraft, International Harvester, Woolworth's, Greyhound, Firestone, Litton, and General Foods, among others, each reported annual profits of less than $150 million. In that same year, the Telephone Company wrote off, as being uncollectable, debts of $150 million. In 1974, the Bell System had direct interests in at least 276 organizations, many of them not related to the telefone industry. Bell also had interlocking financial arrangements with such corporations as the Chase Manhattan Bank, IBM, Prudential Insurance, Sears Roebuck, General Motors, U.S. Steel, and Lever Brothers. Should the need have arisen, the Bell System in 1974 could have exercised control of 400 billion dollars, fully one-third of that year's gross national product. From: Hyde, J. Edward, The Phone Book. Henry Regnery Publishing Company, Chicago Illinois, 1976. ISBN 0-8092-8008-6. There are many viewpoints as to the future course of the telefone industry. The general consensus among most Telco employees is that the children of AT&T (i.e., the seven regional holding companies into which the Bell System was divided) will someday be reassembled into the original Bell System, and all will be well and good in the world of telecommunications again. I tend to disagree with this. I think that within three decades the entire telefone industry will be consolidated and nationalized. It will be owned and operated entirely by the United States Federal Government. This will accomplish several goals of the government. First, the immense revenue from telefone services will provide great financial resources for the federal government. Rates for telefone services will skyrocket far out of the range of affordability, quality of service will deteriorate to a point of unusability, and meanwhile politicians will get rich. Second, once the government controls the telefone system, monitoring the general public will become infinitely easier. Big Brother will be able to keep and eye, or rather, an ear on the general population, and giant step forward in Page 157 The Official Phreaker's Manual ultimate government control of peoples' lives will be achieved. Most people won't know anything about this, and even if they do, they won't give a shit because by then the fucking government will have already invaded every remaining private aspect of the individual's life. To those who find it utterly unthinkable that the federal government would ever assume control of the telefone industry, I would call attention to the situation that existed between 1917 and 1919. During this time the government controlled the phone system of the United States. J. Edward Hyde sums it up beautifully: Between 1917 and 1919, the Federal Government did control the phone industry. Since then, the most charitable historians have blamed the subsequent mess on the First World War. Others blame it on the democrats. But the fact is that it was a fiasco of the bureaucracy's own making, combined with intracompany sabotage. Today, in those countries where the phone service is nationally owned, the service runs from poor to nonexistent. Would you want the government that gave you the Russian wheat deals, Defense Department overruns, Amtrak, and the Postal Service handling your phone problems? From: Hyde, J. Edward, The Phone Book. Henry Regnery Publishing Company, Chicago, Illinois, 1976. ISBN 0-8092-8008-6, p. 170. Technical References: Notes on the BOC intra-LATA Networks. American Telephone & Telegraph Company, 1983. The Phone Book. J. Edward Hyde, 1976. Bell System Technical Journal. Volume 58, Number 5. Engineering and Operations in the Bell System. American Telephone & Telegraph Company, 1983. Acknowledgements: Karl Marx, Telenet Bob, and the scores of Telco employees in Denver, White Plains, Omaha, and North Jersey who were very helpful in patiently answering my many questions about Equal Access. Thanks to Mack the Knife for magnetic transfer of this illustrious file, a tedious task for which I have no time. Thanks to the following printers for their cooperation and professional manner in helping me with final production of this file: Kinko's Print Shop 7155 West Colfax Lakewood, CO Office Products and Printing 5035 S. Kipling Suite B4 Littleton, CO This has been a Mark Tabas Encounter Series production. Questions, comments, and requests may be addressed to: Tabas Page 158 The Official Phreaker's Manual P.O. Box 620401 Littleton, CO 80162 Requests for copies of this or any other Encounter Series file are honored for free, but please enclose a self-addressed medium sized first class mailing envelope with 73 cents postage. Special thanks to Steve Reger, who was kind enough to shoot my neighbor's dog, whose incessant barking constantly distracted me as I labored to complete this file. (for Amy) cl/KIABB!/jd Page 159 The Official Phreaker's Manual Equal Access and Modem Autodialers by Shadow 2600 Now that AT&T is being divested of its local telephone companies, phone customers across the nation have to choose their long distance carrier as equal access is phased in. Advertising campaigns emphasize such aspects as low rates and operator assistance, but no one mentions a factor that will affect modem users who use auto dialers for long distance calls. Not all of the alternate long distance carriers provide called party answering supervision on all calls. Called party answering supervision basically has the telephone company start billing only when the called party answers the telephone. However, many of the alternate long distance companies still operate with the "fixed timeout" basis for charging. That is, if a call is held for a fixed length of time (usually 30 seconds) the charging starts, whether or not the call was answered. This could cause modem owners large bills if they use autodialers to make long distance calls. Modems are usually set up to wait up to one minute when attempting to make a call, and thus have to timeout through busy signals, long call setup sequences, extender waits, and similar problems. This could result in many billed but never answered calls. Some of the other carriers provide it on calls to some cities, and others not support it at all. Only AT&T Communications provides called party answering supervision on all calls to all points at this time. It is almost impossible to get information on how a long distance company charges its calls as as they don't want to reveal how their billing is handled. The alternate carriers get called party supervision when the destination location goes equal access. However, there has been no quick action on the part of the alternate long distance companies to make use of the supervision data as they would have to get equipment for passing the information back to the billing computer at the originating point. Thus called party answering supervision information often ends up being ignored by these carriers even when available. Another point to remember is that called party answering supervision's availability depends on whether the destination has equal access, not the originating location. The lower long distance rates of alternate long distance rates must be weighed against the time out problem as it affects autodialing modems. One way to circumvent this is merely to set your modem to a shorter waiting-for-connect time, but this may not provide enough time for the call to go through. [For more information on this and other telecommunications topics call the Private Sector BBS at (201) 366- 4431] Page 160 The Official Phreaker's Manual ==Phrack Inc.== Volume One, Issue Two, Phile #6 of 9 Toward Universal Information Services Via ISDN ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ by Taran King From PROTO newsletter of AT&T Bell Laboratories ------------------------------------------------------------ Phase one, the Present. ~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~ The local network of today, although still largely voice-oriented, is already on the path to Universal Information Services. Lightguide fiber is dramatically expanding the capacity of local networks, helping to lower the costs and increase the demand for high-band width, Information Age services. And public networks are increasingly digital and geared for data and special services. For example: o The AT&T Network Systems 5ESS (TM ) switch, designed by Bell Laboratories, can serve as the hub of a local deployment of remote modules at locations up to 100 miles from a host central office. o The Integrated Special Services Network (ISSN) is a channel network that provides special services, customer control options and digital private lines rearrangeable under software control. The ISSN incorporates digital carrier terminating equipment such as the D4 Channel Bank, D5 Digital Terminal System and Digital Access and Cross-connect System (DACS). o The New Centrex is bringing greater levels of customer control, improved services and a broad range of data capabilities to the business customer. Today's public networks consist of multiple or overlay networks. The public switched network, or circuit network, mainly for voice, is the base network. Two kinds of overlay networks provide special services. Channel networks carry private lines leased by large customers and transmit much of today's data and image traffic; they also handle traffic for network operations support. Packet networks carry data communications, while packet switching is used internally to public networks for common channel signaling to set up, route and take down calls, or to give customers information. "Overlay networks help telecommunications companies efficiently meet growing demand for digital transmission and special services," says Stan Johnston, Market Planning Manager, Network Systems Evolution, in AT&T Network Systems. "Their integration into a single network, however, would be still more effective." Phase two, the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). ~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ The ISDN is a concept to which AT&T is committed - and it's the foundation for Universal Information Services. The central idea of ISDN, as AT&T Network Systems sees it, is to provide an individual user a link to the local central office of generous band-width - a digital subscriber line that can carry 144,000 bits per second (sure beats 2400 baud!). The band-width is subdivided into two 64,000-bit channels, which may carry voice or data or both, and one 16,000-bit channel for packetized signaling information or data transport. Such a link provides convenient "integrated" network access by accommodating voice, data and signaling over a single line. The ISDN will make it easier for a customer to get varied services from public and private networks. More bandwidth for big customers will be available through another ISDN access standard, the extended digital subscriber Page 161 The Official Phreaker's Manual line, which provides 1.5 billion bits per second as 24 channels of 64,000 bits each. In 1986, new software from Bell Labs will enable the 5ESS switch to accommodate ISDN-sized 144,000-bit channels that standardize and simplify subscribers' use of local networks. AT&T is committed to future products that will also be ISDN-compatible. Other vendors, too, some of whom already plan to build premises, terminal, and other equipment to ISDN standards, will make ISDN a cooperative effort. By providing integrated digital access to networks, ISDN will make important progress toward the goal of Universal Information Services. But overlay networks will continue to divvy up the transport job. And messages needing less than 144,000 bits per second will not fill their allotted bandwidth, leaving capacity under utilized. Phase three, Universal Information Services. ~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ Rooted in the fertile ground of 5ESS switches, ISDN equipment and technologies such as wideband packet transport, Universal Information Services will bear fruit during the 1990s. From a single kind of network will hang services as different as apples, oranges and pears. Just as network access was integrated in ISDN, transport functions will increasingly be integrated by powerful new network equipment evolved from equipment developed for the ISDN. Where customers once got standard-sized ISDN channels, they'll get big bandwidth for large jobs, little bandwidth for small jobs. Page 162 The Official Phreaker's Manual TOWARD UNIVERSAL INFORMATION SERVICES VIA ISDN Phase one, the present. The local network of today, although still largely voice oriented, is already on the path to Universal Information Services. Lightguide fiber is dramatically expanding the capacity of local networks, helping to lower the costs and increase the demand for high-bandwidth, Information Age services. And public networks are increasingly digital and geared for data and special services. For example: * The AT&T Network Systems 5ESS switch, designed by Bell Laboratories, can serve as the hub of a local digital network through deployment of remote modules at locations up to 100 miles from a host central office. * The Integrated Special Services Network (ISSN) is a channel networks that provides special services, customer control options and digital private lines rearrangeable under software control. The ISSN incorporates digital carrier terminating equipment such as the D4 Channel Bank, D5 Digital Terminal System and Digital Access and Cross-connect Systems (DACS). * The New Centrex is bringing greater levels of customer control, improved services and a broad range of data capabilities to the business customer. Todays public networks consist of multiple or overlay networks. The public switched network, or circuit network, is the base network. Two kinds of overlay networks provide special services. Channel networks carry private lines leased by large customers and transmit much of today's data and image traffic; they also handle traffic for network operations support. Packet networks carry data communications, while packet switching is used internal to public networks for common channel signaling to set up, route and take down calls, or to give customers information. "Overlay networks help telecommunications companies efficiently meet growing demand for digital transmission and special services," says Stan Johnston, Market Planning Manager, Network Systems Evolution, in AT&T Network Systems. "Their integration into a signal network, however, would be still more effective." Phase two, the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). The ISDN is a concept to which AT&T is commited--and it's the foundation for Universal Information Services. The central idea of ISDN, as AT&T Network Systems sees it, is to provide an individual user a link to the local central office of generous bandwidth--a digital subscriber line that can carry 144,000 bits per second. The bandwidth is subdivided into two 64,000-bit channels, which may carry voice or data or both, and one 16,000-bit channel for packetized signaling information or data transport. Such a link provides convenient "integrated" network access by accommodating voice, data and signaling over a single line. The ISDN will make it easier for a customer to get varied services from public and private networks. More bandwidth for big customers will be available through another ISDN access standard, the extended digital subscriber line, which provides 1.5 million bit per second as 24 channels of 64,000 bits each. In 1986, new software from Bell Labs will enable the 5ESS switch to accommodate ISDN-sized 144,000-bit channels that standardize and simplify subscribers' use of local networks. AT&T is committed to future products that will also be ISDN-compatible. Other vendors, too, some of whom already plan to build premises, terminal and other equipment to ISDN standards, will make ISDN a cooperative effort. By providing integrated digital access to networks, ISDN will make important progress toward the goal of Universal Information Services. But Page 163 The Official Phreaker's Manual overlay networks will continue to divvy up the transport job. And messages needing less than 144,000 bits per second will not fill their allotted bandwidth, leaving capacity underutilized. Phase three, Universal Information Services. Rooted in the fertile ground of 5ESS switches, ISDN equipment and technologies such as wideband packet transport, Universal Information Services will bear fruit during the 1990s. From a single kind of network will hang services as different as apples, oranges and pears. Just as network access was integrated in ISDN, transport functions will increasingly be integrated by powerful new equipment evolved from equipment developed for the ISDN. Where customers once got standard- sized ISDN channels, they'll get big bandwidth for large jobs, little bandwidth for small jobs. *** retyped from PROTO, AT&T Bell Laboratories report to executives on new technologies, without written permission from the editors. (heh, heh.) Subscriptions: $15.00 per year, published bi-monthly. Send check payable to "Bell Laboratories PROTO," to PROTO Circulation Manager, Room 3E-230, 150 John F. Kennedy Parkway, Short Hills, N.J. 07078. :LIQUID:CRYSTAL: wisdom is safety Page 164 The Official Phreaker's Manual ==Phrack Inc.== Volume One, Issue Two, Phile #7 of 9 @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @ @ @ _ _ _______ @ @ | \/ | / _____/ @ @ |_||_|etal / /hop @ @ __________/ / @ @ /___________/ @ @ Headquarters of Phrack Newsletter @ @ (314) 432-0756 @ @ Proudly Presents @ @ MCI Overview @ @ Written on 11/16/85 @ @ by @ @ @ @ Knight Lightning & Taran King @ @ @ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ MCI Communications Corporation, headquartered in Washington, D.C., provides a full range of domestic and international telecommunications services, including voice and data, telex and cable, paging and mobile telephone, and time sensitive message delivery. Since its founding in 1968, MCI has grown to more than $1.6 billion in annual sales and serves more than 1.9 million business, residential and government customers through its four major business units: MCI Telecommunications MCI Airsignal MCI International MCI Digital Information Services MCI TELECOMMUNICATIONS MCI Telecommunications provides domestic interstate long distance service throughout all 50 states, plus Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and major calling areas of Canada. It is also authorized to provide varying degrees of intrastate long distance service in some states. MCI also is the first long distance carrier other than AT&T to offer direct dial service overseas. International telephone service is available to all residential and commercial customers (with the exception of Private Line customers). In October, 1984 the first international service agreements were announced with the following countries: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, East Germany, Greece, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom. Total capital investment in MCI's long distance network is approximately $2 billion. MCI's network, the second largest in the U.S., employs microwave optical fiber, satellite and various digital transmission technologies. Subscribers - Domestic Long Distance (as of 10/84) Page 165 The Official Phreaker's Manual ----------- ---------------------- Residential 1.4 million Commercial .3 million Total 1.7 million Operations - (as of 10/84) Network Miles...20,543 (microwave, optical fiber, satellite) Circuits.......238,000 Employees........9,500 (full-time, approx.) MCI AIRSIGNAL MCI Airsignal provides personal message delivery and car telephone services. MCI Message Service is offered in more than 50 metropolitan areas. In 1984, service will commence in New York City, Baltimore-Washington, Los Angeles, and Chicago. MCI car telephone service is offered in 20 markets. Personal Message Delivery Service ALPHANUMERIC MESSAGE SERVICE Displays up to 40-character message using letters and/or numbers. Memory and recall ability. Alerts subscriber with a silent visual alert or a soft tone. DISPLAY MESSAGE SERVICE Displays up to 24-digit message (e.g., phone number, stock quotes, sales figures, coded messages). Memory and recall capability. Alerts customer to message with a silent visual alert or a soft tone. TONE MESSAGE SERVICE Notifies customer of a message with a soft tone. VOICE MESSAGE SERVICE Receives message in actual voice of caller. EXPRESS MESSAGE SERVICE Receives and stores messages. Instantly alerts subscriber via pager when a message is received. Car Telephone Service Enables customers to place calls to or receive calls from anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day, as they travel in their cars. With the advent of new cellular technology, both the quality and the accessibility of car telephone service will vastly improve. MCI has thus far obtained franchises to operate a new kind of mobile phone service, cellular telephone, in Minneapolis and Pittsburgh, and has received favorable decisions from FCC administration law judges authorizing service in Los Angeles, Denver-Boulder, and Kansas City. MCI has applied for licenses to provide cellular service in 81 metropolitan areas. MCI Airsignal Branch Sales Offices Page 166 The Official Phreaker's Manual Personal Message Service/Conventional Mobile Phone Service Birmingham (205) 942-2924 Sacramento (916) 444-2350 Memphis (901) 682-9658 Cleveland (216) 464-7311 Dallas (214) 788-5111 Fresno (209) 486-7410 Las Vegas (702) 382-7461 Denver (303) 778-7878 Portland (503) 227-2556 Philadelphia (215) 677-9845 Atlanta (404) 252-2114 West Florida (813) 875-3404 Minneapolis (612) 544-8175 Kansas City (913) 648-8090 Miami (305) 491-0122 Pittsburgh (412) 343-1611 Houston (713) 464-2516 Bakersfield (805) 832-2346 Cellular Telephone Offices Minneapolis-St. Paul (612) 544-3312 Los Angeles (714) 527-0385 Elsewhere in California (800) 344-3455 Headquarters - Washington, D.C. (202) 429-9660 MCI INTERNATIONAL MCI International provides private-line voice service to several overseas countries, and data and message services, including telex, cablegram, leased channel, and packet switching communications, to more than 200 overseas points. MCI has moved into two new areas of service: International direct-dial telephone service and international electronic mail and hard-copy delivery services. International Record Services TELEX SERVICE (domestic and international) permits instantaneous, two-way, written communications with other subscribers worldwide. Customers can send messages at any time, even though the receiving terminal may be unattended. MCI International offers access to its telex service from a variety of terminals and networks; not only subscribers with telex terminals but also those with communicating word processors, data terminals or computers that communicate over telephone lines can take advantage of MCI International telex service. To subscribers connected to its own telex network, MCI International offers World Message Services--a package of communications offerings including telex, cablegram and MCI Mail services. Various service enhancements are available to save time, improve operating efficiency and simplify records keeping for telex users. CABLEGRAM SERVICE, the traditional means of international written communications, offers flexibility in delivery and economical rates for shorter messages. Cablegrams can be delivered to virtually any overseas point.Subscribers with telex terminals or various other types of equipment can access and TELUS cablegram switch and take advantage of such service Page 167 The Official Phreaker's Manual enhancements as abbreviated addressing and departmental billing. LEASED CHANNEL SERVICE provides an exclusive line between a U.S. firm and it's overseas office for private communications 24 hours a day. Each MCI International leased channel is tailored to meet the needs of a specific customer for teleprinter, facsimile, voice and/or data traffic. For subscribers with several offices requiring private communications with each other, MCI International offers a versatile message-switching service. Voice/data leases can be configured to meet a whole array of communicating needs; for example, one channel might carry data traffic from a computer at night, voice communications during office hours, and simultaneous teleprinter messages at any time. Data channels can handle requirements for traffic at any speed from 1200 bits per second to 1.544 megabits per second. IMPACS SERVICE uses packet-switching technology to provide international communications service between data terminals and computers. Impacs offers on-line, real-time connections and enables many types of incompatible systems to communicate. Impacs service offers virtually error-free transmission because of the error-detection and retransmission capability of the network. INSTALINK SERVICE allows businesses overseas to use regular telex equipment to access remote computing systems and databases in the U.S. Subscribers can retrieve data from a computer-based information service or use a computing system connecting to a packet-switching network in the U.S. INTERNATIONAL FACSIMILE SERVICE enables subscribers to send duplicates of original documents overseas quickly and efficiently, even when neither the sender or the receiver has facsimile transmission equipment, or when the sender and receiver have incompatible equipment. DATEL SERVICE provides automatic or voice-coordinated data transmission at speeds up to 2400 bits per second. Either digital or analog facsimile traffic can be transmitted via Datel. Datel facilities are conditioned to ensure high-quality transmission. The MCI International switching center allows communications between incompatible terminals. MARITIME SERVICES provide instant, high--quality contact between ships at sea or offshore rigs, and between these vessels and land-based subscribers worldwide. International Voice Services PRIVATE LINE SERVICE provides, fast, easy access to a single overseas location at an economical monthly rate. This technically efficient system maximizes the use of line capacity by recognizing idle time and assigning a speaker to a transmission path only when the path is needed. Users can dial a four-digit extension from a regular business phone to reach a key overseas location. International Mail Services WORLD MESSAGE SERVICE subscribers can access the domestic electronic mail and hard-copy delivery offerings of MCI Mail. In addition, MCI International is developing fast, low-cost services that will deliver electronic messages and high-quality printed documents worldwide. Page 168 The Official Phreaker's Manual Customer Service THE CUSTOMER TROUBLE REPORTING ASSISTANCE CENTER at MCI International addresses customer concerns such as equipment maintenance and service performance questions. Customer service specialists, on duty 24 hours a day on business days, answer questions and electronically route service requests to technicians nationwide. MCI DIGITAL INFORMATION SERVICES CORP. MCI Digital Information Services, MCI's newest unit, provides high-speed, low-cost, time-sensitive message delivery (MCI Mail), either electronically or via hard copy. MCI Mail provides time-sensitive document delivery to anyone, anywhere vial MCI's long-distance telephone network. MCI Mail can reach a recipient instantly, in four hours or less, or overnight by noon the next day. Prices are as much as 90 percent lower than comparable time-sensitive mail delivery services. MCI Mail can be delivered electronically, terminal to terminal, or laser printed on letterhead stationery with the customer's signature. MCI Mail customers can even order gifts and services direct through MCI Mail, ranging from software and paper for personal computers to investment advisory services to travel specials. There are no sign-up, monthly service charges or "connect time" charges for MCI Mail. MCI Mail can be used by virtually any personal computer, word processor, electronic typewriter, data terminal, telex, or other digital communications device. The service is accessed by a local telephone call or 800 number. MCI Mail INSTANT delivery to an "electronic" mailbox. FOUR-HOUR paper delivery by courier to 17 major metropolitan areas regardless of point of origin. OVERNIGHT paper delivery by courier by noon the next day in 20,000 continental U.S. cities. MCI LETTER transmitted electronically to the MCI digital postal center nearest its destination, then delivered locally by the U.S. Postal Service. TELEX DISPATCH enables MCI Mail subscribers to transmit messages to the more than 1.6 million telex subscribers worldwide. VOLUME MAIL enables customers to send large mailings in a variety of letter formats, at substantial savings in delivery time and expense. ============================================================ Look for more MCI Files coming to Metal Shop soon! This has been a Knight Lightning Presentation ============================================================ Page 169 The Official Phreaker's Manual Reference Tables Just some notes that you will always try to find but can never! Page 170 The Official Phreaker's Manual ==Phrack Inc.== Volume One, Issue One, Phile #5 of 8 Using MCI Calling Cards by Knight Lightning of the 2600 Club! How to dial international calls on MCI: "Its easy to use MCI for international calling." 1. Dial your MCI access number and authorization code (code = 14 digit number, however the first 10 digits are the card holders NPA+PRE+SUFF). 2. Dial 011 3. Dial the country code 4. Dial the city code and the PRE+SUFF that you want. Countries served by MCI: Country code|Country code -------------------------------------|-------------------------------- Algeria..........................213 |New Zealand..................064 Argentina........................054 |Northern Ireland.............044 Australia........................061 |Oman.........................968 Belgium..........................032 |Papua New Guinea.............675 Brazil...........................055 |Qatar........................974 Canada................Use Area Codes |Saudi Arabia.................966 Cyprus...........................357 |Scotland.....................044 Denmark..........................045 |Senegal......................221 Egypt............................020 |South Africa.................027 England..........................044 |Sri Lanka....................094 German Democratic Republic |Sweden.......................046 (East Germany)...................037 |Taiwan.......................886 Greece...........................030 |Tanzania.....................255 Jordan...........................962 |Tunisa.......................216 Kenya............................254 |United Arab Emirates.........971 Kuwait...........................965 |Wales........................044 Malawi...........................265 | ====================================================================== Thats 33 countries in all. To get the extender for these calls dial 950-1022 or 1-800-624-1022. For local calling: 1. Dial 950-10222 or 1-800-624-1022 2. Wait for tone 3. Dial "0", the area code, the phone number, and the 14 digit authorization code. You will hear 2 more tones that let you know you are connected. - Knight Lightning --> The 2600 Club! Page 171 The Official Phreaker's Manual ===================================================================== Page 172 The Official Phreaker's Manual AT&T INTERNATIONAL DIALING COUNTRY CODES AS OF 2-17-85 FILE BY: Lock Lifter +=========================+ *UNITED KINGDOM/IRELAND ------------------------------------ IRELAND.........................353 UNITED KINGDOM...................44 *EUROPE ------------------------------------ ANDORRA..........................33 AUSTRIA..........................43 BELGIUM..........................32 CYPRUS..........................357 CZECHOLSLOVAKIA..................42 DENMARK..........................45 FINLAND.........................358 FRANCE...........................33 GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC.......37 GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF.....49 GIBRALTAR.......................350 GREECE...........................30 HUNGARY..........................36 ICELAND.........................354 ITALY............................39 LIECHTENSTEIN....................41 LUXEMBOURG......................352 MONACO...........................33 NETHERLANDS......................31 NORWAY...........................47 POLAND...........................48 PORTUGAL........................351 ROMANIA..........................40 SAN MARINO.......................39 SPAIN............................34 SWEDEN...........................46 SWITZERLAND......................41 TURKEY...........................90 VATICAN CITY.....................39 YUGOSLAVIA.......................38 *CENTRAL AMERICA ------------------------------------ BELIZE..........................501 COSTA RICA......................506 EL SALVADOR.....................503 GUATEMALA.......................502 HONDURAS........................504 NICARAGUA.......................505 PANAMA..........................507 *AFRICA ------------------------------------ ALGERIA.........................213 CAMEROON........................237 EGYPT............................20 Page 173 The Official Phreaker's Manual ETHIOPIA........................251 GABON...........................241 IVORY COAST.....................225 KENYA...........................254 LESOTHO.........................266 LIBERIA.........................231 LIBYA...........................218 MALAWI..........................265 MOROCCO.........................212 NAMIBIA.........................264 NIGERIA.........................234 SENEGAL.........................221 SOUTH AFRICA.....................27 SWAZILAND.......................268 TANZANIA........................255 TUNISIA.........................216 UGANDA..........................256 ZAMBIA..........................260 ZIMBABWE........................263 *PACIFIC ------------------------------------ AMERICAN SAMOA..................684 AUSTRAILIA.......................61 BRUNEI..........................673 FIJI............................679 FRENCH POLYNESIA................689 GUAM............................671 HONG KONG.......................852 INDONESIA........................62 JAPAN............................81 KOREA, REPUBLIC OF...............82 MALAYSIA.........................60 NEW CALEDONIA...................687 NEW ZEALAND......................64 PAPUA NEW GUINEA................675 PHILIPPINES......................63 SAIPAN..........................670 SINGAPORE........................65 TAIWAN..........................886 THAILAND.........................66 *INDIAN OCEAN ------------------------------------ PAKISTAN.........................92 SRI LANKA........................94 *SOUTH AMERICA ------------------------------------ ARGENTINA........................54 BOLIVIA.........................591 BRAZIL...........................55 CHILE............................56 COLOMBIA.........................57 ECUADOR.........................593 GUYANA..........................592 PARAGUAY........................595 PERU.............................51 Page 174 The Official Phreaker's Manual SURINAME........................597 URUGUAY.........................598 VENEZUELA........................58 *NEAR EAST ------------------------------------ BAHRAIN.........................973 IRAN.............................98 IRAQ............................964 ISRAEL..........................972 JORDAN..........................962 KUWAIT..........................965 OMAN............................968 QATAR...........................974 SAUDI ARABIA....................966 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES............971 YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC.............967 *CARIBBEAN/ATLANTIC ------------------------------------ FRENCH ANTILLES.................596 GUANTANAMO BAY (US NAVY BASE)....53 HAITI...........................509 NETHERLANDS ANTILLES............599 ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELON.........508 *INDIA ------------------------------------ INDIA............................91 *CANADA ------------------------------------ TO CALL CANADA, DIAL 1 + AREA CODE + LOCAL NUMBER. *MEXICO ------------------------------------ TO CALL MEXICO, DIAL 011 + 52 + CITY CODE+ LOCAL NUMBER. ***NOTES :DO NOT FORGET ABOUT THE TIME DIFFERENCE WHEN CALLING OUTSIDE OF YOUR TIME ZONE. CALLING CARDS CAN BE USED OVER SEAS TO CALL BACK INTO THE U.S. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CALL TOLL-FREE 1-800-874-0000. DIAL '#' AFTER THE COMPLETE NUMBER TO MAKE THE CALL GO THROUGH FASTER. Page 175 The Official Phreaker's Manual ************************************** * * * International Dialing Codes * * Country + Routing * * * * (Typed by The Dagda Mor) * * (Edited by The Jammer) * * * ************************************** To dial international calls: International Access Code + Country code + Routing code Example : To call Frankfurt, Germany, you would do the following: 011 + 49 + 611 + (# wanted) + # sign(octothrope) The # sign at the end is to tell Bell that you are done entering in all the needed info. Here is the list of Country Codes, listed next to the country, and the routing codes listed next to the city. Andorra- 33 Argentina- 54 ------- --------- all points- 078 Buenos Aires- 1 Australia- 61 Austria- 43 --------- ------- Melbourne- 3 Innsbruck- 5222 Sydney- 2 Vienna- 222 Bahrain- 973 Belgium- 32 ------- ------- no routing needed Antwerp- 31 Brussels- 2 Belize- 501 Bolivia- 591 ------ ------- no routing needed La Paz- 2 Brazil- 591 Chile- 56 ------ ----- Brasilia-61 Santiago- 2 Rio de Janeiro- 21 Valparaiso- 31 Sao Paulo- 11 China- 86 Colombia- 56 ----- -------- Tainan- 62 none needed Page 176 The Official Phreaker's Manual Taipei- 2 Costa Rica- 506 Cyprus- 357 ----- ---- ------ no routing needed Nicosia- 21 Denmark- 45 Ecuador- 593 ------- ------- Aalborg- 8 Cuenca- 4 Copenhagen 1 or 2 Quito- 2 El Salvador- 503 Fiji- 679 ---------- ---- no routing needed none needed France- 33 Germany- 49 ------ ------- Bordeaux- 56 Berlin- 30 Marseille- 91 Bonn- 228 Nice- 93 Frankfurt- 661 Paris- 1 Munich- 89 German. Rep- 37 Greece- 30 ------- --- ------ Berlin- 2 Athens- 1 Rhodes- 241 Guam- 671 Guatamala- 502 ---- --------- no routing needed Guatemala City- 2 Guyana- 592 Haiti- 509 ------ ----- Georgetown- 02 Port Au Prince- 1 Hoduras- 504 Hong Kong- 852 ------- ---- ---- no routing needed Hong Kong- 5 Kowloon- 3 Indonesia- 62 Iran- 98 --------- ---- Jakarta- 21 Teheran- 21 Iraq- 964 Ireland- 353 ---- ------- Baghdad- 1 Dublin- 1 Galway- 91 Page 177 The Official Phreaker's Manual Israel- 978 Italy- 39 ------ ----- Haifa- 4 Florence- 55 Jerusalem- 2 Naples- 81 Tel Aviv- 3 Rome- 6 Venice- 41 Ivory Coast- 225 Japan- 81 ----- ----- ----- no routing needed Hiroshima- 822 Tokyo- 3 Yokohama- 45 Kenya- 254 Korea- 82 ----- ----- Nairobi- 2 Pusan- 51 Seoul- 2 Kuwait- 965 Liberia- 231 ------ ------- no routing needed none needed Libya- 218 Lechtenstein- 4 ----- ------------ Tripoli- 21 All points- 75 Luxembourg- 352 Malaysia- 60 ---------- -------- no routing needed Kuala Lumpur- 3 Monaco- 33 Netherlands- 31 ------ ----------- All points- 93 Amsterdam- 20 Rotterdam- 10 The Hague- 70 New Caledonia- 687 New Zealand- 64 --- --------- --- ------- no routing needed Auckland- 9 Wellinton- 4 Nicaragua- 505 Nigeria- 234 --------- ------- Managua- 2 Lagos- 1 Norway- 47 Panama- 507 ------ ------ Page 178 The Official Phreaker's Manual Bergen- 5 none needed Oslo- 2 Papua New Guinea-675 Paraguay- 595 ----- --- ------ -------- no routing needed Asuncion- 21 Peru- 51 Phillippines- 63 ---- ------------ Arequipa- 542 Manila- 2 Lima- 14 Portugal- 351 Romania- 40 -------- ------- Lisbon- 19 Bucuresti- 0 San Marino- 39 Saudi Arabia- 966 --- ------ ----- ------ All points- 541 Riyadh- 1 Senegal- 221 South Africa- 27 ------- ----- ------ no routing needed Cape Town- 21 Pretoria- 12 Spain- 34 Sri Lanka- 94 ----- --- ----- Barcelona- 3 Colombo- 1 Canary Is.- 28 Madrid- 1 Seville- 54 Suriname- 597 Sweden- 46 -------- ------ no routing needed Goteborg- 31 Stockholm- 8 Switzerland- 41 Tahiti- 689 ----------- ------ Berne- 31 none needed Geneva- 22 Lucerne- 41 Zurich- 1 Thailand- 66 Tunisia- 216 -------- ------- Bangkok- 2 Tunis- 1 Turkey- 90 United Arab Page 179 The Official Phreaker's Manual ------ Emirates- 971 Istanbul- 11 -------- Abu Dhabi- 2 Ajman- 6 Al Ain- 3 Aweir- 49 Dubai- 4 Fujairah- 91 Jebel Dhana- 5 Sharjah- 6 Umm-Al-Quwain- 6 United Kingdom- 44 USSR- 7 ------ ------- ---- Belfast- 232 Kiev- 044 Cardiff- 222 Leningrad- 812 Edinburgh- 31 Minsk- 017 Glasgow- 41 Moscow- 095 Liverpool- 51 Tallinn- 0142 London- 1 Vatican City- 39 Venezuela- 58 ------- ---- --------- All points- 6 Caracas- 2 Maracaibo- 61 Yugoslavia- 38 ---------- Belgrade- 11 Zagreb- 41 Page 180 The Official Phreaker's Manual ************************************** * * * MAX ACCESS PORTS * * * * (LEXITEL CORPORATION) * * * * WORD PROCESSED BY THE DAGDA MOR * * * ************************************** ADRIAN,MI............313-263-0191 LIVONIA, MI..........313-261-6970 AKRON,OH.............216-275-9814 LOS ANGELES, CA......213-624-9041 ANN ARBOR, MI........313-451-2121 LOUISVILLE, KY.......502-568-6204 ATLANTA, GA..........404-525-1769 MARION, OH...........614-387-1011 AVON LAKE, OH........216-933-2823 MCKEESPORT, PA.......412-664-4870 BADEN, PA............412-869-1360 MENTOR, OH...........216-255-1645 BALTIMORE, MD........301-444-7280 MIDDLETOWN, OH.......513-423-1066 BEAVER FALLS, PA.....412-847-3640 MILWAUKEE, WI........414-933-1880 BIRMINGHAM, MI.......313-649-0730 MINNEAPOLIS, MN......612-375-0280 BOSTON, MA...........617-267-9134 MONESSEN, PA.........412-684-8710 BUFFALO, NY..........716-854-0802 MORTON GROVE,IL......312-950-1066 BUTLER, PA...........412-285-9081 NEWARK, NJ...........201-624-5040 CANTON, OH...........216-455-1425 NEWARK, OH...........614-349-8754 CHICAGO, IL..........312-950-1066 NEW CASTLE, PA.......412-656-9420 CHILLICOTHE, OH......614-772-1066 NEW YORK, NY.........212-950-1066 CINCINNATI, OH.......513-421-1880 OAK LAWN, IL.........312-950-1066 CLEVELAND, OH........216-771-6614 PHILADELPHIA, PA.....215-751-9711 COLUMBUS, OH.........614-950-1066 PITTSBURG, PA........412-391-9532 DALLAS, TX...........214-653-1047 PLYMOUTH, MI.........313-451-2121 DAYTON, OH...........513-223-0366 PONTIAC, MI..........313-332-0500 DETROIT, MI..........313-950-1066 PORT HURON, MI.......313-982-7115 ELK GROVE, IL........312-950-1066 PHOENIX, AZ..........602-242-0252 ELYRIA, OH...........419-323-4431 QUEENS, NY...........718-204-7330 FINDLAY, OH..........419-424-5934 SANDUSKY, OH.........419-625-1289 GLEENSHAW, PA........412-486-7394 SHARON, PA...........412-983-0100 GRAND RAPIDS, MI.....616-456-7925 SPRINGFIELD, OH......513-950-1066 GREENSBURG, PA.......412-836-8110 STEUBENVILLE, OH.....614-283-1756 HACKENSACK, NJ.......201-342-2815 ST. LOUIS, MO........314-289-9100 HOUSTON, TX..........713-224-0982 ST. PAUL, WI.........612-375-0280 INDIANA, PA..........412-349-8760 TOLEDO, OH...........419-255-1316 INDIANAPOLIS, IN.....317-638-4442 TROY, OH.............513-335-2303 KALAMAZOO, MI........616-342-0266 TURTLE CREEK, PA.....412-823-1500 KANSAS CITY, MO......816-474-6193 WASHINGTON, DC.......202-479-4411 KOKOMO, IN...........317-453-9932 WASHINGTON, PA.......412-225-1800 LA GRANGE, IL........312-950-1066 WARREN, MI...........313-268-9120 LANCASTER, OH........614-687-0159 XENIA, OH............513-376-2991 LANSING, MI..........517-950-1066 YOUNGSTOWN, OH.......216-746-2021 LAFAYETTE, IN........317-423-5492 ZANESVILLE, OH.......614-454-6815 Page 181 The Official Phreaker's Manual ******************** METROFONE ACCESS NUMBERS ******************** ANAHEIM, CA (714)527-7055 LOS ANGELES, CA (213)992-8282 ATLANTA, GA (404)223-1000 LOS ANGELES, CA (213)202-6117 AUSTIN, TX (512)474-6057 MIAMI, FL (305)326-3300 BALTIMORE, MD (301)659-7700 MILWAUKEE, WI (414)277-1805 BEAUMONT, TX (713)833-9331 MINNEAPOLIS, MN (612)370-9000 BOSTON, MA (617)482-3222 NEW ORLEANS, LA (504)566-8500 BUFFALO, NY (716)852-9200 NEW YORK, NY (212)732-7430 CHICAGO, IL (312)853-4700 NEWARK, NJ (201)645-9220 CINCINNATI, OH (513)241-1747 OAKLAND, CA (415)836-6900 CLEVELAND, OH (216)861-5163 OKLAHOMA CITY, OK (405)232-9011 COLUMBUS, OH (614)224-0577 OMAHA, NE (402)422-1120 CULVER CITY, CA (213)410-0078 PHILADELPHIA, PA (215)351-0100 DALLAS, TX (214)742-4500 PITTSBURGH, PA (412)261-5720 DAYTON, OH (513)228-1576 RENO, NV (702)329-1025 DENVER, CO (303)623-5326 RICHMOND, VA (804)225-1920 DETROIT, MI (313)963-4847 ST. LOUIS, MO (314)342-1130 EL MONTE, CA (213)350-1028 SACRAMENTO, CA (916)443-6921 ELK GROVE, IL (312)981-8870 SAN ANTONIO, TX (512)224-9600 FT. LAUDERDALE, FL (305)462-3530 SAN DIEGO, CA (714)233-0327 FT. WORTH, TX (817)338-1639 SAN FRANCISCO, CA (415)956-0162 HACKENSACK, NJ (201)487-3155 SAN JOSE, CA (408)947-7606 HARTFORD, CT (203)522-0003 SAN MATEO, CA (415)579-6001 HAWTHORNE, NJ (201)427-1100 SANTA ANA, CA (714)972-9515 HINSDALE, IL (312)986-0566 SEATTLE, WA (206)382-0910 HOUSTON, TX (713)224-9417 SKOKIE, IL (312)679-8120 HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA (714)972-8515 SYRACUSE, NY (315)474-3911 INDIANAPOLIS, IN (317)635-6284 TOLEDO, OH (419)243-1046 KANSAS CITY, KS (913)621-3186 WASHINGTON, DC (202)737-2051 LONG ISLAND, NY (516)443-5402 LOS ANGELES, CA (213)629-1026 Page 182 The Official Phreaker's Manual Area Codes In Numerical Order, by The Jammer ______________________________________________________________________ 201 Newark New Jersey 519 London Ontario 202 Washington D.C (all) 601 Mississippi (all) 203 Connecticut (all) 602 Arizona (all) 205 Alabama (all) 603 New Hampshire (all) 206 Seattle Washington 605 South Dakota (all) 207 Maine (all) 606 Winchester Kentucky 208 Idaho (all) 607 Binghamton New York 212 Bronx Nyc, New York 608 Madison Wisconsin 212 Manhattan Nyc, New York 609 Trenton New Jersey 213 Los Angeles California 612 St. Paul Minnesota 214 Dallas Texas 613 Ottawa Ontario 215 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 614 Columbus Ohio 216 Cleveland Ohio 615 Nashville Tennessee 217 Springfield Illinois 616 Grand Rapids Michigan 218 Duluth Minnesota 617 Boston Massachusetts 219 Gary Indiana 618 Alton Illinois 301 Maryland (all) 619 San Diego California 303 Colorado (all) 700 Teleconference (all) 304 West Virginia (all) 701 North Dakota (all) 305 Miami Florida 702 Nevada (all) 305 Orlando Florida 703 Alexandria Virginia 307 Wyoming (all) 704 Charlotte North Carolina 308 Abott Nebraska 705 North Bay Ontario 309 Peoria Illinois 712 Councilbluffs Iowa 312 Chicago Illinois 713 Houston Texas 313 Detroit Michigan 714 Anaheim California 314 St. Louis Missouri 715 Bay City Wisconsin 315 Syracuse New York 716 Buffalo New York 316 Wichita Kansas 716 Rochester New York 317 Indinapolis Illinois 717 Harrisburg Pennsylvania 318 Lake charles Lousiana 800 Toll Free (all) 319 Davenport Iowa 801 Utah (all) 401 Rhode Island (all) 802 Vermont (all) 402 Omaha Nebraska 803 South Carolina (all) 404 Atlanta Georgia 804 Richmond Virgina 405 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 805 Bakersfield California 406 Montana (all) 806 Amarillo Texas 408 San Jose California 807 Thunder Bay Ontario 412 Pittsburg Pennsylvania 808 Hawaii (all) 413 Springfield Massachusetts 809 Bermuda (all) 414 Milwaukee Wisconsin 809 Bahamas (all) 415 San Francisco California 809 Puerto Rico (all) 416 Toronto Onterio 809 Virgin Islands (all) 417 Joplin Missouri 812 Evansville Indiana 418 Quebec Quebec 812 Dade park Kentucky 419 Toledo Ohio 814 Johnston Pennsylvania 501 Arkansas (all) 815 Rockford Illinois 502 Frankfort Kentucky 816 Independence Missouri 503 Oregon (all) 817 Fort Worth Texas 504 New Orleans Louisiana 818 Burbank California 504 Baton Rouge Louisiana 819 Trois Riv. Quebec 505 New Mexico (all) 900 Dial-it (all) 507 Rochester Minnesota 901 Memphis Tennessee 509 Pullman Washington 904 Talahassee Florida 512 Austin Texas 906 Escanaba Michigan Page 183 The Official Phreaker's Manual 513 Cincinnati Ohio 907 Alaska (all) 514 Montreal Quebec 912 Savannah Georgia 515 Des Moines Iowa 913 Kansas City Kansas 516 Hempstead New York 915 El Paso Texas 517 Lansing Michigan 916 Sacramento California 518 Albany New York 918 Tulsa Oklahoma 919 Raleigh North Carolina Page 184 The Official Phreaker's Manual ==Phrack Inc.== Volume One, Issue Two, Phile #5 of 9 Updated from November 26, 1985 Tac Dialups taken from Arpanet by Phantom Phreaker TAC DIALUPS SORTED BY LOCATION 26-NOV-85 State/Country 300 Baud 1200 Baud 1200 Type ------------- --------------- ----------------- --------- ALABAMA Anniston Army Depot [M] (ANNIS-MIL-TAC) (205) 235-6285 (R4) (205) 235-7650 B/V (205) 237-5731 (R8) (205) 237-5731 (R8) B/V (205) 237-5770 (R8) (205) 237-5779 (R8) B/V (205) 237-5805 (R8) (205) 237-5805 (R8) B/V *Please note: When accessing the Anniston TAC you must first enter a , then enter DDN . After you receive CLASS DDN START, proceed as normal. Gunter AFS [M] (GUNTER-TAC) (205) 279-3576 (205) 279-4682 Redstone Arsenal [M] (MICOM-TAC) [none known] ARIZONA Ft. Huachuca [M] (HUAC-MIL-TAC) [none known] Yuma [M] (YUMA-TAC) (602) 328-2186 (602) 328-2186 B/V (602) 328-2187 (602) 328-2187 B/V (602) 328-2188 (602) 328-2188 B/V CALIFORNIA (NORTHERN) Alameda [M] (ALAMEDA-MIL-TAC) [none known] Menlo Park [M] (SRI-MIL-TAC) (415) 327-5440 (R3) (415) 327-5440 (R3) B (USGS3-TAC) [M] [no dialups] Moffett Field [M] (AMES-TAC) [no dialups; contact NSC for access] William Jones - (415) 694-6482 (FTS) 494-6482 (AV) 359-6482 Monterey [M] (NPS-TAC) [none known] Page 185 The Official Phreaker's Manual Sacsamento [M] (MCCLELLAN1-MIL-TAC) [none known] (MCCLELLAN2-MIL-TAC) [none known] Stanford [A] (SU-TAC) (415) 327-5220 CALIFORNIA (SOUTHERN) China Lake [M] (NWC-TAC) [none known] Edwards AFB [M] (EDWARD-MIL-TAC) [none known] El Segundo [M] (AFSC-SD-TAC) (213) 643-9204 (213) 643-9204 B/V Los Angeles [A] (USC-TAC) (213) 749-5436 Los Angeles [A] (USC-ARPA-TAC) [none known] San Diego [M] (ACCAT-TAC) (619) 225-1641 (R4) (619) 225-6903 V (619) 225-6946 (R3) (619) 223-2148 V (619) 226-7884 (R2) Santa Monica (RAND-ARPA-TAC) [A] (213) 393-9230 (213) 393-9237 (213) 393-9238 (213) 393-9239 (RAND2-MIL-TAC) [M] [none known] COLORADO Denver Fed Ctr [M] (USGS2-TAC) (303) 232-0206 (303) 232-0206 B/V Lowry Air Force Base [M] (LOWRY-MIL-TAC) [none known] D.C. Washington [Andrews AFB] [M] (AFSC-HQ-TAC) (301) 967-7930 (R16) (301) 967-7930 (R16) B (301) 736-2990 (R4) (301) 736-2990 (R4) B (301) 736-2998 (R2) (301) 736-2998 (R2) B (PENTAGON-TAC) (202) 553-0229 (R14) (202) 553-0229 (R14) B FLORIDA Eglin AFB [M] (AFSC-AD-TAC) (904) 882-8202 (904) 882-8202 B/V Page 186 The Official Phreaker's Manual (904) 882-8201 (904) 882-8201 V MacDill AFB [M] (MACDILL-MIL-TAC) [none known] Naval Air Station - Jacksonville [M] (JAX1-MIL-TAC) [none known] Naval Air Station - Orlando [M] (ORLANDO-MIL-TAC) [none known] GEORGIA Robins AFB [M] (ROBINS-TAC) (912) 926-2725 (912) 926-2725 B/V (912) 926-2726 (912) 926-3231 (912) 926-3232 (912) 926-2204 (912) 926-2204 B/V HAWAII Camp H.M. Smith [M] (HAWAII2-TAC) (808) 487-5545 (808) 487-5545 B ILLINOIS Scott AFB [M] (SCOTT-TAC) [none known] (SCOTT2-MIL-TAC) [none known] KANSAS Ft. Leavenworth [M] (LVN-MIL-TAC) (913) 651-7041 (R8) (913) 651-7041 (R8) B LOUISIANA Navy Regional Data Automation Center [M] (NORL-MIL-TAC) (504) 944-7940 (504) 944-7940 B (504) 944-7948 (R2) (504) 944-7948 (R2) B (504) 944-7951 (R5) (504) 944-7951 (R5) B (504) 944-8702 (R8) (504) 944-8702 (R8) B MARYLAND Aberdeen Proving Ground [M] (BRL-TAC) (301) 278-6916 (R4) (301) 278-6916 (R4) B/V Bethesda [M] (DAVID-TAC) (202) 227-3526 (R16) (202) 227-3526 (R16) B/V Patuxent River [M] (PAX-RV-TAC) (301) 863-4815 (301) 863-4815 B/V (301) 863-4816 (301) 863-4816 B/V (301) 863-5750 (R6) (301) 863-5750 (R6) B/V Silver Spring [M] (WHITEOAK-MIL-TAC) (301) 572-5960 (R10) (301) 572-5960 (R10) B (301) 572-5970 (R10) (301) 572-5970 (R10) B MASSACHUSETTS Hanscom AFB [M] (AFGL-TAC) (617) 861-3000 (R8) (617) 861-3000 (R8) B Page 187 The Official Phreaker's Manual (617) 861-4965 (R8) (617) 861-4965 (R8) Cambridge (BBN-MIL-TAC) [M] [none known] (BBN-ARPA-TAC) [A] [no dialup capability] (CCA-ARP-TAC) [A] [none known] (MIT-TAC) [A] (617) 491-5669 (617) 258-6224 V (617) 491-5708 (617) 258-6225 V (617) 491-5734 (617) 258-6227 V (617) 491-5819 (617) 258-6248 V (617) 491-5826 (617) 491-5841 (617) 491-5849 (617) 491-6769 (617) 491-6772 (617) 491-6937 (617) 258-6241 (617) 258-6242 (617) 258-6243 MICHIGAN U.S. Army Tank Automotive Command (TACOM) - Warren [M] (TACOM-TAC) [none known] MISSOURI St. Louis [M] (STLA-TAC) [none known] NEBRASKA Offutt AFB [M] (SAC1-MIL-TAC) [none known] (SAC2-MIL-TAC) (402) 292-4638 (R10) (402) 292-4638 (R10) B (SAC-ARPA-TAC) [A] (402) 294-2398 (402) 294-2398 B (402) 291-2018 (402) 291-2018 B (402) 292-7054 (402) 292-7054 B NEW JERSEY Dover [M] (ARDC-TAC) (201) 724-6731 (201) 724-6731 B/V (201) 724-6732 (201) 724-6732 B/V (201) 724-6733 (201) 724-6733 B/V (201) 724-6734 (201) 724-6734 B/V Fort Monmouth [M] (FTMONMOUTH1-MIL-TAC) (201) 544-2052 (201) 544-2052 B/V (201) 544-2062 (201) 544-2062 B/V (201) 544-2072 (201) 544-2072 B/V (201) 544-2396 (201) 544-2396 B/V (201) 544-2430 (201) 544-2430 B/V (FTMONMOUTH2-MIL-TAC) (201) 544-4254 (R3) (201) 544-2430 B Page 188 The Official Phreaker's Manual (201) 544-2636 B (201) 544-2638 B (201) 544-2777 B NEW MEXICO Albuquerque [M] (AFWL-TAC) [none known] White Sands [M] (WSMR-TAC) [no dialups; contact NSC for access] Claude (Skeet) Steffey - (505) 678-1271 (FTS) 898-1271 (AV) 258-1271 NEW YORK Griffiss AFB (RADC-ARPA-TAC) [A] [no dialup capability] (RADC-TAC) [M] (315) 339-4913 (R5) (315) 337-2004 (315) 337-2004 B/V (315) 337-2005 (315) 337-2005 B/V (315) 330-2294 (315) 330-2294 (FTS) 952 B/V (315) 330-3587 (315) 330-3587 (FTS) 952 B/V NORTH CAROLINA Ft. Bragg [A] (BRAGG-ARPA-TAC) (919) 396-1131 (R10) (919) 396-1426 (R5) B/V (919) 396-1491 (R8) B/V Ft. Bragg [M] (BRAGG-MIL-TAC) [none known] OHIO Wright-Patterson AFB [M] (WPAFB-TAC) (513) 258-4218 (513) 258-4219 (513) 258-4987 (513) 258-4988 (513) 258-4989 (513) 258-4990 (WPAFB2-MIL-TAC) (513) 257-2172 (R8) (513) 257-2172 (R8) B (513) 257-2690 (R8) (513) 257-2690 (R8) B (513) 257-3625 (R8) (513) 257-3625 (R8) B OKLAHOMA Tinker AFB [M] (TINKER-MIL-TAC) [none known] PENNSYLVANIA New Cumberland Army Depot [M] (NCAD-MIL-TAC) [none known] (NCAD2-MIL-TAC) [none known] Page 189 The Official Phreaker's Manual TEXAS Brooks AFB [M] (BROOKS-AFB-TAC) (512) 536-3081 (R6) (512) 536-3081 (R6) B/V Richardson [A] (COLLINS-TAC) (214) 235-2131 (214) 235-2131 B (214) 235-2143 (214) 235-2143 B (214) 235-2178 (214) 235-2178 B (214) 235-2204 (214) 235-2204 B (214) 235-2251 (214) 235-2251 B (214) 235-2278 (214) 235-2278 B UTAH Dugway Proving Ground [M] (DUGWAY-MIL-TAC) [none known] Salt Lake City (University of Utah) [A] (UTAH-TAC) (801) 581-3486 (801) 581-3486 B/V VIRGINIA Alexandria [M] (DARCOM-TAC) (202) 274-5300 (202) 274-5300 B (202) 274-5320 (R6) (202) 274-5320 (R6) B Arlington (ARPA1-MIL-TAC) [M] [none known] (ARPA2-MIL-TAC) [M] [none known] (ARPA3-TAC) [A] [no dialup capability] Dahlgren [M] (NSWC-TAC) (703) 663-2162 (R8) (703) 663-2162 (R8) B Langley Air Force Base [M] (LANGLEY-MIL-TAC) [none known] McLean [M] (DDN-PMO-MIL-TAC) [none known] (MITRE-TAC) [M] (703) 442-8020 (R15) (703) 893-0330 (R10) (703) 893-0330 (R10) B/V Norfolk [M] (NORFOLK-MILTAC) (804) 423-0241 (R2) (804) 423-0241 (R2) B (804) 423-0247 (R2) (804) 423-0247 (R2) B (804) 423-0346 (R4) (804) 423-0346 (R4) B (804) 423-0480 (804) 423-0480 B (804) 423-0486 (R2) (804) 423-0486 (R2) B (804) 423-0489 (804) 423-0489 B (804) 423-0570 (804) 423-0570 B (804) 423-0572 (R2) (804) 423-0572 (R2) B (804) 423-0577 (R2) (804) 423-0577 (R2) B (804) 423-0651 (804) 423-0651 B (804) 423-0654 (R3) (804) 423-0654 (R3) B (804) 423-0841 (R2) (804) 423-0841 (R2) B Page 190 The Official Phreaker's Manual (804) 423-0845 (804) 423-0845 B (804) 423-0849 (804) 423-0849 B (804) 423-0858 (804) 423-0858 B (804) 423-0950 (804) 423-0950 B (804) 423-0952 (804) 423-0952 B (804) 423-0955 (R3) (804) 423-0955 (R3) B (804) 423-0959 (804) 423-0959 B Reston (DCEC-ARPA-TAC) [A] [no dialups available] (DCEC-MIL-TAC) [M] (703) 437-2892 (R5) (703) 437-2928 B (703) 437-2925 (703) 437-2929 B (703) 437-2926 (703) 437-2927 WASHINGTON Seattle [A] (WASHINGTON-TAC) [no dialup capability] ENGLAND [M] (CROUGHTON-MIL-TAC) [none known] GERMANY [M] (FRANKFURT-MIL-TAC) (M) 2311-5641 (R8) B (RAMSTEIN2-MIL-TAC) [none known] ITALY [M] (AGNANO-MIL-TAC) JAPAN [M] (BUCKNER-MIL-TAC) (ZAMA-MIL-TAC) KOREA [M] (KOREA-TAC) (M) 264-4951 (R8) B PHILIPPINES [M] (CLARK-MIL-TAC) SPAIN [M] (MILNET-TJN-TAC) [none known] (ROTA-MIL-TAC) [none known] Notes: 1. "(R10)" following phone number indicates a rotary with 10 lines. 2. For alternate phone numbers, FTS=Federal Telephone System. 3. (M)=Military DoD Telephone System. 4. [M] denotes a MILNET TAC and [A] denotes an ARPANET TAC. Page 191 The Official Phreaker's Manual 5. "1200 Type" refers to the modem compatibility for 1200 baud only: B/V = Bell and Vadic B = Bell 212A only V = Vadic 3400 only 6. This list is contained in the file NETINFO:TAC-PHONES.LIST at SRI-NIC. Page 192 The Official Phreaker's Manual >>==========================<< >>==> TELCO TEST NUMBERS <==<< >>====> as of 5/16/85 <=====<< >>=> compiled and updated <=<< >>====> by Shadow 2600 <====<< >>==========================<< 011-44-61-2468011 : US dial tone then "When this system changes, this is the new dial tone you hear" (UK is changing dialtone) 201-226-0709 : alternating tones, then "warble" 201-267-9922 : sweep tone 201-267-9966 : 600 ohm termination 201-232-9924 : (tone 1,2,5-beep, bleep; 9,#- 1200 baud static, beep, bleep; 6-tone, higher tone, bleep) 201-232-9959 : tone 11 sec. silence, repeats... 201-233-9972 : multitude of clicks 201-233-9974 : busy 15 sec. then tone w/ clicks 201-241-9916 : hissing with clicks 201-328-9971 : 1000 hrtz tone 201-376-9907 : "is being checked for trouble. Please try again later" 201-464-9915 : low tone 15 sec, silence 201-464-9916 : low tone 2 sec, silence 201-464-9963 : buzz 201-464-9974 : busy 15 sec, low tone 201-543-9902 : "If you'd like to make a call, hang up and try it again." 201-543-9903 : "We're sorry, your call did not go through." 201-543-9904 : "the number you have dialed requires a .20 cents deposit." 201-655-9900 : "cannot be completed as dialed from the phone you are using" 201-769-0205 : People's Express Reservation system 203-771-4920 : telephone company employee newsline 207-866-4411 : 1000 hrtz tone 212-233-9980 : (tone 1,2,3,*-tone, higher tone, bloop; 5-tone, bloop; 9,#- static,beep,bloop) 212-369-7003 : "you have reached 212-369-7003 in zone 3" (?) 212-799-5017 : ABC New York feed line 213-621-4141 : telephone employee newsline 213-935-1111 : sweep tone with echo at top of range (?) 215-489-0036 : tone, bloop (1,2,5-tone bloop, 3,6,9-tone, higher tone,tone) 215-489-0040 : "please check your instruction manual or call repair service for assistance" 215-489-0042 : "if you like to make a call please hang up and try again" 215-489-0043 : "We're sorry, your call did not go through." 215-489-0044 : "The call you have made requires a 25 cent deposit" 215-489-0045 : "You must first dial a 1 when dialing this number." 215-489-0074 : LOUD tone, stops, repeats 215-489-0075 : 600 ohm termination (silence) 215-489-0078 : tone, silence 215-489-0080 : 600 ohm termination 215-489-0097 : tone, (lower pitched than -0078) silence (also at -0098) 215-489-0104 : 1000 hrtz tone 216-861-8300 : tone, then higher tone 301-256-9987 : 1000 hertz 301-546-7777 : "Due to Telephone Company facility trouble your call cannot be completed at this time" 301-725-9904 : "deposit .20" 305-263-0000 : repeating bloop (keypress 2 : slow reorder w/ bloops, clicks) 305-994-9963 : pay fone instructions Page 193 The Official Phreaker's Manual 305-994-9966 : "telephone you are calling from is not in service" 312-222-9948 : tone (keypress 1,2,3,6,7,*-tone, high tone, bleep, 4-tone,bloop,9, #-static,beep,bloop) 312-222-9954 : "Test Center" 312-222-9990 : clicks, ticking like 312-222-9996 : LOUD tone, repeats 312-368-8000 : Illinois Bell Communicator (employee newsline) 312-592-0000 : tone (keypress 2222, then other digits, at re-order type * to restart) (?) 313-223-7223 : telephone employee newsline 313-333-9981 : LOUD tone, silence 313-333-9989 : high tone (enter touchtones for a while, eventually get "metallic" echo, then 5-high pitched tone, random re-orders) 313-333-9990 : beep, click repeats, with "winks" 313-333-9994 : tone bloop (keypress in 2-tone,bloop, 3-tone, higher tone,tone, 9-static, beep,bloop) 313-333-9995 : 600 ohm termination (silence) 313-333-9996 : weird siren/sweep tone, multi-frequency 313-430-4300 : beep, beep, beep, then reorder 313-698-9998 : sweep tone 314-247-5511 : Southwestern Bell Telenews (employee newsline) 315-471-9934 : "deposit 5 cents for next five minutes" 408-255-0081 : (any two 2,4,8,0-tone) 408-294-6969 : beep, click, computer voice repeats number 408-395-1110 : (tone 2-bleep,glitch; 3-beep,higher beep;#then number-loud tone,bleep) 408-738-8190 : (tone 1,3,6,7,*-tone, high tone, tone;2-beep,cluck;9,#- static,tone,beep) 408-745-6060 : high pitched tone, low tone then repeats 408-994-0044 : tone end of loop 412-633-3333 : telephone company employee newsline 414-628-0001 : continuous tone 414-628-0002 : continuous tone (higher pitched, sounds like muted dial) 414-628-0004 : high pitched tone, bloop, silence 414-628-0006 : brief very high tone (also -0007) (multiple keypresses of 2,5,8,0 tone repeats) 414-628-0010 : loud tone, stops, repeats... 414-628-0011 : loud tone, stops 414-628-0013 : 600 ohm termination (silence) (also -0017, two in an exchange?) 414-628-0014 : continuous tone (sounds like weird dial), eventually stops 414-628-0015 : LOUD tone, repeats 414-628-0028 : "Your call cannot be completed as dialed 414-678-3511 : Wisconsin Bell Newsline 414-781-0004 : high tone, silence (keypress 2,5-beep,bleep, 3,6-beep,longbeep, bloop, 9-static,bloop) 415-284-1111 : one sweep, then silence 415-327-0046 : sweep tone 415-388-0037 : tone,bloop (keypress 2-tone,bloop, 3-tone,high tone,tone, 9-static,beep,bloop) 415-472-0046 : sweep w/ glitch at top 415-545-8800 : Pacific Bell Newsline 415-467-0097 : fast DTMF tones, keypress to repeat 415-777-0020 : 1000 hrtz tone 415-777-0037 : tone, bloop (keypress 2-beep,bloop, 3,6-tone,higher tone, 9-static,beep,bloop) 415-777-0046 : sweep tone with echo 415-777-0105 : tone,bloop (keypress 2-beep,bleep, 3,6-tone, higher tone, tone,9-static,beep,bloop Page 194 The Official Phreaker's Manual 415-826-0022 : tone, click, tone (sounds like a busy) 415-994-0710 : multitude of clicks 512-472-2181 : "if you would like to make a call, please hang up and try again" 512-472-4263 : garbled recording (?) 512-472-9833 : "you must first dial a 1 or 0 before calling this number" 512-472-9936 : "please check your instructions or call your business office for assistance" 512-472-9941 : "insert 25 cents" 516-222-3825 : LOUD tone 516-234-9914 : New York Telephone Newsline 518-471-2272 : New York Telephone Newsline 518-789-3299 : weird busy, multitude of clicks 609-267-9966 : busy with clicks in background 609-267-9967 : 600 ohm termination (silence) 609-267-9968 : 1000 hrtz tone 609-267-9971 : LOUD tone, stops, repeats 609-267-9972 : rings with clicks in background (also -9973 and -9974) 609-877-9924 : high tone (tone in 1,2,5-tone, bloop; 3,6,*-tone, higher tone, bleep; #-static, beep, bleep) 609-877-9929 : 1000 hrz tone 617-553-9953 : tone end of loop 617-890-9900 : sweep tone 617-955-1111 : telephone company employee newsline 619-748-0002 : tone increases in pitch, silence, repeats in monotone 619-748-0003 : sweep, repeat, hangs up 702-789-6711 : Nevada Bell Newsline 713-354-0000 : touch tone in #, then new #, then 5 - listed, 9 - unlisted) 713-482-3199 : "We're sorry, all circuit are busy now." 713-652-5111 : touch tones echo back "metallic", something about "drivers licence number" replys in a female recorded voice 717-255-5555 : Bell of Pennsylvania "Inside Line" (employee newsline) 718-429-9900 : "Please slide a valid credit card through the slot now" 800-221-5959 : tone (# makes it ring) 800-228-8466 : Sensaphone (tm) demo (time etc. (EST) (wait 7+ rings)) 800-321-3048 : non-connecting loop with 800-321-3049 800-321-3052 : loop (don't know where other end is) 800-321-6366 : Centagram's Voice Memo System (extension 100 for demo) 800-323-6321 : tone, stops, bloop repeats 800-327-0000 : "Announcement three, Dallas" (changes sometimes) 800-344-4001 : non-connecting loop with 800-344-4002 800-524-0000 : "Announcement 1 Atlanta" 800-554-5924 : Cable News Network audio feed 800-824-8274 : "Enter your password service code" 802-955-1111 : telephone company newsline 808-533-4426 : Hawaiian Telephone Newsline 816-391-1122 : recorder (keypress 1-toggle on/off, 3-rewind, 4-stop, 7-play) 907-269-0955 : tone (sounds like extender, doesn't take touch tone (?)) 914-232-9901 : "Daytona, New York DMS-100 verification" 914-268-9901 : "Congers DMS 100 Verification" 914-268-9903 : "your call cannot be completed as dialed" 914-268-9968 : (keypress 2-high tone, 3-high, higher tone, 6,0-click, 7- hangs up, sometimes 0,#,*-harmony) 914-359-9901 : repeats the number dialed ("914-359-9901") 914-359-9960 : weird tone, stops, clicks, repeats 914-623-9968 : (keypress 2,5-beep glitch, 3,6-tone highertone) 916-480-8000 : Pacific Bell Newsline Page 195 The Official Phreaker's Manual WHAT A TSPS CONSOLE LOOKS LIKE --- NON/COIN ---- ------------- COIN ------------- --------- HOTEL --------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- --- --- ---- !VFY ! !OVER! !SCRN! !INWD! !EMER! !STA ! ! 0+ ! !DIAL! !STA ! ! 0+ ! !DIAL! !POST! !TONE! !STA ! ! 0+ ! !DIAL! !QST ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- OUTGOING TRUNKS ----- RING RELEASE ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- ---- ---- ---- ---- ! DA ! !R&R ! !SWB ! !OGT ! !BACK! ! FWD ! !CALL! !T&C ! !NFY ! !CHG ! ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- ---- ---- ---- ! DUE! ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- !KEY ! !BACK! !FWD ! ! SR ! !MAKE! !MTCE! !POS ! !BACK! ! ! ! ! !CLG ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !BUSY! !TRFR! ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----------------- AMA ----------------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- STATION -----!PAID! !COL ! !SPL ! !SPL ! !AUTO! !DDD ! ! ! ! ! !CLG ! !CLD ! !COL ! ! ! ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- PERSON ----- !PAID! !COL ! !SPL ! !SPL ! ! NO ! ! ! ! ! !CLG ! !CLD ! !AMA ! ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- !CLG ! !CLG ! !CLG ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ---- ---- ---- Page 196 The Official Phreaker's Manual Box Plans Hmm... I wonder! This is still under construction (Ha Ha). Page 197 The Official Phreaker's Manual THE INFINITY TRANSMITTER TYPED BY THE GHOST WIND FROM THE BOOK BUILD YOUR OWN LASER, PHASER, ION RAY GUN & OTHER WORKING SPACE-AGE PROJECTS BY ROBERT IANNINI (TAB BOOKS INC) Description: Briefly, the Infinity Transmitter is a device which activates a microphone via a phone call. It is plugged into the phone line, and when the phone rings, it will immediately intercept the ring and broadcast into the phone any sound that is in the room. This device was originally made by Information Unlimited, and had a touch tone decoder to prevent all who did not know the code from being able to use the phone in its normal way. This version, however, will activate the microphone for anyone who calls while it is in operation. NOTE: It is illegal to use this device to try to bug someone. It is also pretty stupid because they are fairly noticeable. Parts List: Pretend that uF means micro Farad, cap= capacitor Part # Description ---- - ----------- R1,4,8 3 390 k 1/4 watt resistor R2 1 5.6 M 1/4 watt resistor R3,5,6 3 6.8 k 1/4 watt resistor R7/S1 1 5 k pot/switch R9,16 2 100 k 1/4 watt resistor R10 1 2.2 k 1/4 watt resistor R13,18 2 1 k 1/4 watt resistor R14 1 470 ohm 1/4 watt resistor R15 1 10 k 1/4 watt resistor R17 1 1 M 1/4 watt resistor C1 1 .05 uF/25 V disc cap C2,3,5,6,7 5 1 uF 50 V electrolytic cap or tant (preferably non-polarized) C4,11,12 3 .01 uF/50 V disc cap C8,10 2 100 uF @ 25 V electrolytic cap C9 1 5 uF @ 150 V electrolytic cap C13 1 10 uF @ 25 V electrolytic cap TM1 1 555 timer dip A1 1 CA3018 amp array in can Q1,2 2 PN2222 npn sil transistor Q3 1 D4OD5 npn pwr tab transistor D1,2 2 50 V 1 amp react. 1N4002 T1 1 1.5 k/500 matching transformer M1 1 large crystal microphone J1 1 Phono jack optional for sense output WR3 (24") #24 red and black hook up wire WR4 (24") #24 black hook up wire CL3,4 2 Alligator clips CL1,2 2 6" battery snap clips PB1 1 1 3/4x4 1/2x.1 perfboard CA1 1 5 1/4x3x2 1/8 grey enclosure fab WR15 (12") #24 buss wire KN1 1 small plastic knob BU1 1 small clamp bushing B1,2 2 9 volt transistor battery or 9V ni-cad Page 198 The Official Phreaker's Manual Circuit Operation: Not being the most technical guy in the world, and not being very good at electronics (yet), I'm just repeating what Mr. Iannini's said about the circuit operation. The Transmitter consists of a high grain amplifier fed into the telephone lines via transformer. The circuit is initiated by the action of a voltage transient pulse occurring across the phone line at the instant the telephone circuit is made (the ring, in other words). This transient immediately triggers a timer whose output pin 3 goes positive, turning on transistors Q2 and Q3. Timer TM1 now remains in this state for a period depending on the values of R17 and C13 (usually about 10 seconds for the values shown). When Q3 is turned on by the timer, a simulated "off hook" condition is created by the switching action of Q3 connecting the 500 ohm winding of the transformer directly across the phone lines. Simultaneously, Q2 clamps the ground of A1, amplifier, and Q1, output transistor, to the negative return of B1,B2, therefore enabling this amplifier section. Note that B2 is always required by supplying quiescent power to TM1 during normal conditions. System is off/on controlled by S1 (switch). A crystal mike picks up the sounds that are fed to the first two transistors of the A1 array connected as an emitter follower driving the remaining two transistors as cascaded common emitters. Output of the array now drives Q1 capacitively coupled to the 1500 ohm winding of T1. R7 controls the pick up sensitivity of the system. Diode D1 is forward biased at the instant of connection and essentially applies a negative pulse at pin 2 of TM1, initiating the cycle. D2 clamps any high positive pulses. C9 dc-isolates and desensitizes the circuit. The system described should operate when any incoming call is made without ringing the phone. Schematic Diagram: Because this is text, this doesn't look too hot. Please use a little imagination! I will hopefully get a graphics drawing of this out as soon as I can on a Fontrix graffile. To be able to see what everything is, this character: | should appear as a horizontal bar. I did this on a ][e using a ][e 80 column card, so I'm sorry if it looks kinda weird to you. Symbols: resistor: -/\/\/- switch: _/ _ battery: -|!|!- capacitor (electrolytic): -|(- capacitor (disc): -||- _ _ transistor:(c) > (e) Transformer: )||( \_/ )||( |(b) _)||(_ diode: |< chip: ._____. !_____! (chips are easy to recognize!) Dots imply a connection between wires. NO DOT, NO CONNECTION. ie.: _!_ means a connection while _|_ means no connection. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- .________________________to GREEN wire phone line | | .______________________to RED wire phone line | | | | ._________(M1)______________. | | | | | | | R1 | Page 199 The Official Phreaker's Manual | | !__________/\/\/____________! | | | _!_ C1 | | |this wire is the amp ___ | | |<=ground | R2 | | | !___________________/\/\/_____________. | | | ._______!_______. | | | !___________________!4 9 11!_____________________________! | | | | | | | | !___________________!7 12._____________________________! | | | | A1 | R3 | | | !___________________!10 ____*8!_______.____/\/\/____________! ^ | | | | / | | | | | | | C4 | / | \ |2ma | | !____||______. | / | /R4 B1 + | | | || | | / | \ |!|! | | | R7 | C2 | / | / | | | !____/\/\/___!__)|__!8*_/ | | S1 | | | | ^ | 6!_______! neg<__/.__! | | | | C3 | | | C5 return | | | | !_____|(___.__!3 | '-|(-| | | | | | | 5 1!____________! | | | | \ !_______._______! | B2|!|! | | !________. R8 / | | + | | | \ | | R6 |3ma | | | !__________!____________________|_____/\/\/______! | | | | R5 | | | v | | !__/\/\/___________|____________________! | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C6 | | | | | |-)|-' R9 | | | | !_________________/\/\/_______. | | | | | | | | | | Q1 _!_ | R10 | | | !____________/ \____________________________!__/\/\/_____! | | | | | | | | | | | | | C8 | | | | !__________)|_______________________________|____________! | | ! | | | | / | | | | -----| | | | | | \ | | | | | > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | !_____________. | | | | | | | | | | !__________. | | | | | | | | | | !________. | | ._____! | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C7 | | | | | '-|(-| | | |_________|_________!_______.T1._________________| | | | | 1500 )||( 500 | | | | ohm )||( ohm | Page 200 The Official Phreaker's Manual | | !______.)||(.__. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | > | | | | |/ | | | | +----| Q3 | | | | | |\ | !____________________|_________|_______|______!__. D1 C9 | | | | '-|<---|(------| | .______________! | | | | | | | | | | .________________! | | | | | | | | \ | .________________! C11 | | / | | .___||____________! | R13 \ | | | || | | / | | | | | \ !___.___|_______________________! | | | | | | | R16 | R15 | | v | | !___/\/\/\________!___/\/\/_! | neg | | | D2 | | | return | | !_____|<__________! | | B1,B2 | \ | | | | | / | .____________!_. | | | \R14 |C12 | TM1 2 | | | | / !_||_!5 4!_______! | | \ | || | | | | | | !____!1 8!_______! | | | | | 7 6 3 | | | | | | !_____._.____._! | | | | | | | | | | | | | C13 | | | R17 | | | | !___)|_____!_!____|__/\/\/__! | | | | | | !___________|___!_______________________|_________________! | | | | | | \ | C10 | | /R18 !__________)|_______________! | \ | / | | !___O J1 sense output Construction notes: Because the damned book just gave a picture instead of step by step instructions, and I'll try to give you as much help as possible. Note that all the parts that you will be using are clearly labeled in the schematic. The perfboard, knobs, 'gator clips, etc are optional. I do strongly suggest that you do use the board!!! It will make wiring the components up much much easier than if you don't use it. The knob you can use to control the pot (R7). R7 is used to tune the IT so that is sounds ok over the phone. (You get to determine what sounds good) By changing the value of C13, you can change the amount of time that the circuit will stay open (it cannot detect a hang up, so it works on a timer.) A value of 100 micro Farads will increase the time by about 10 times. The switch (S1) determines whether or not the unit is operational. Closed is on. Open is off. The negative return is the negative terminals of the battery!! The batteries will look something like this when hooked up: Page 201 The Official Phreaker's Manual <-v_____. .______. ._____. .____-> | | | | | | __!___!__ | | __!___!__ | + - | !_/ _! | + - | | | switch ^ | | | 9volts| | | 9volts| !_______! neg return !_______! To hook this up to the phone line, there are three ways, depending upon what type of jack you have. If it is the old type (non modular) then you can just open up the wall plate and connect the wires from the transmitter directly to the terminals of the phone. If you have a modular jack with four prongs, attach the red to the negative prong (don't ask me which is which! I don't have that type of jack... I've only seen them in stores), and the green to the positive prong, and plug in. Try not to shock yourself... If you have the clip-in type jack, get double male extension cord (one with a clip on each end), and chop off one clip. Get a sharp knife and splice off the grey protective material. You should see four wires, including one green and one red. You attach the appropriate wires from the IT to these two, and plug the other end into the wall. Getting the IT to work: If you happen to have a problem, you should attempt to do the following (these are common sense rules!!) Make sure that you have the polarity of all the capacitors right (if you used polarized capacitors, that is). Make sure that all the soldering is done well and has not short circuited something accidently (like if you have a glob touching two wires which should not be touching.) Check for other short circuits. Check to see if the battery is in right. Check to make sure the switch is closed. If it still doesn't work, drop me a line on one of the Maryland or Virginia BBSs and I'll try to help you out. The sense output: Somehow or other, it is possible to hook something else up to this and activate it by phone (like an alarm, flashing lights, etc.) As of this writing, I have not tried to make one of these, but I will. If you actually get it working, leave me a note somewhere. I sure hope all you people appreciate this. <<< the Ghost Wind >>> Page 202 The Official Phreaker's Manual :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : : : SILVER BOX: AN ALTERNATE METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION : : : : BY: THE LOCK LIFTER--1/25/85 : : : :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: PARTS & EQUIPMENT: (1) POCKET TONE DIALER (RADIO SHACK CAT. NO. 43-138) (2) SINGLE POLE DOUBLE THROW SWITCH (TOGGLE, THE SMALLER THE BETTER) (3) SOLDERING IRON THIS MODIFICATION WILL ALLOW THE PRODUCTION OF A,B,C,&D TONES. WHEN YOU FLIP THE SWITCH THE 3,6,9,&# KEYS WILL BECOME A,B,C,&D RESPECTIVELY. THE IC INSIDE THE DIALER IS CAPABLE OF MAKING THESE TONES ALREADY, ALL WE MUST DO IS CONNECT IT FULLY. THIS MOD CAN ALSO BE MADE TO MANY ELECTRONIC FONES THAT CONTAIN A DTMF TONE ENCODING IC. THIS CHIP CAN BE IDENTIFIED BY THE NUMBER 5089 OR S2559 OR MK5380 OR TCM5087N. PIN 9 OF THESE CHIPS IS THE FOURTH COLUMN KEYPAD INPUT WHILE PIN 5 IS THE THIRD COLUMN. NOW ON WITH THE CONSTRUCTION. 1) REMOVE THE BATTERY COVER, BATTERIES, AND THE SMALL SCREW. THE CASE SHOULD NOW POP OPEN WITH A LITTLE PRESSURE. 2) OPEN THE CASE SO THAT THE HALF CONTAINING THE SPEAKER AND THE BATTERIES IS ON YOUR LEFT WITH THE BATTERIES ON THE BOTTOM. YOU SHOULD NOW BE LOOKING AT THE BACK OF 2 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS. 3) FIND THE TWO ROWS OF SOLDER BEADS WHERE THE IC IS CONNECTED. THE UPPER LEFT PIN OF THE 2 ROWS SHOULD HAVE NO SOLDER ON IT. THIS IS PIN 9 OF THE IC. 4) ATTACH A SHORT WIRE TO PIN 9. 5) SEE THE 8 GOLD WIRES GOING TO THE KEY PAD? UNSOLDER THE ONE 4TH FROM THE LEFT AND CONNECT IT TO A SHORT WIRE. 6) SOLDER A SHORT WIRE INTO THE NOW VACANT HOLE IN THE KEYPAD PCB. 7) MELT OR DRILL A ROUND HOLE IN THE PLASTIC CASE FOR THE SWITCH. THE BEST PLACE FOR THIS IS OPPOSITE THE SMALL PCB CONTAINING THE L.E.D. 8) INSERT THE SWITCH AND SCREW IT IN PLACE. 9) ATTACH THE WIRE FROM THE KEYPAD PCB TO THE CENTER OF THE SWITCH. ATTACH THE OTHER TWO WIRES TO THE OTHER TWO POLES OF THE SWITCH. JUST CLOSE THE CASE, PUT BACK IN THE SCREW AND BATTERIES. THE SWITCH WILL NOW ALLOW THE 3RD COLUMN KEYS TO PRODUCE BOTH 3RD AND FOURTH COLUMN TONES. HAVE PHUN Page 203 The Official Phreaker's Manual Well, this is just a page to protect the other pages. I hope you enjoyed the book! Page 204 * DANSE MACABRE * (713) 324-2139 * C.A.B.A.L W.H.Q *