VIP Professional uses the Apple // keyboard as follows: [Arrow key] Move the cell indicator one cell [Shift][Arrow key] Move to previous or next page [Closed Apple][Right] Page right [Closed Apple][Left] Page left [Open Apple][Up] Move the cell indicator to A1 [Open Apple][Down] End (Bottom right of worksheet) [Open Apple][letter] Execute macro [Closed Apple][Escape] Break and return to Ready mode from data entry [Delete] Delete character before cursor [Open Apple][Delete] Delete character under cursor [Escape] Back out of current entry or sub-menu [Tab][Arrow key] Tab to end of current data or empty block [Open Apple][Tab] Toggle Scroll Lock Tabbing moves the cell indicator to the end of a current block of data. When in an empty area the indicator is moved to the cell preceding the data. Professional uses ten function keys to perform ten commonly used functions instantaneously. The ten functions are used by pressing [Open Apple] plus the number of the function. [Open Apple][1]--Help: Enters the help facility [Open Apple][2]--Edit: Toggles in and out of Edit mode [Open Apple][3]--Name: Gives a list of the current range names [Open Apple][4]--Absolute: Takes cell reference through the absolute cycle [Open Apple][5]--GoTo: Moves the cell indicator to a specified cell [Open Apple][6]--Window: Moves the cell indicator between windows [Open Apple][7]--Query: Repeat last Data Query operation [Open Apple][8]--Table: Repeat last Data Table operation [Open Apple][9]--Calculate: Invokes a worksheet recalculation [Open Apple][0]--Graph: Displays a graph using the most recent settings DATA ENTRY Data can be entered in label or value form. A Label consists of text used for headings and other static information on the worksheet. A Value consists of numbers and formulas. While entering data you may press [Escape] or [Closed Apple][Escape] to return to Ready mode. Pressing [Return] will post the entry to the worksheet. Edit mode is entered if an error is detected while keying data. Labels: A label is initiated using a letter, a label prefix or an otherwise unused punctuation mark. A label prefix adds special meaning to the label, or allows characters usually used as values to be used as labels. The Worksheet Global Label-prefix and Range Label-prefix commands control defaults. The Label prefixes are: ' Left justified " Right justified ^ Centered \ Repeating label Values: A value is a cell entry which contains the numbers, operators, cell references, and functions fundamental to your sheet. The characters which begin a value entry are: 0-9, ., +, -, (, @, #, and $. The commands available which set the display format for values are /Worksheet Global Format and /Range Format. Specification of a variety of cell layouts is possible. A Formula may consist of the above values and operations including cell references and @functions. They are covered further in the next section. A Formula may consist of values and operations including cell references and @functions. Examples are: 3+B7, @sum(D2..D9), @MAX(T3,B4^7). The rules for calculation are as follows: 1. Parenthesized groups are calculated first. 2. An order of precedence takes place among operators. This means operands of operators of higher precedence are evaluated first. 3. All else being equal, operators are taken from left to right. Plus and minus signs should ideally be used to begin each formula. Operator Function Precedence Operator Function Precedence ^ Exponentiation 1 <> Not Equal 5 - Negatation 2 > Greater Than 5 + Make Positive 2 >= Greater or Equal 5 * Multiplication 3 < Less Than 5 / Division 3 <= Less or Equal 5 + Addition 4 #NOT# Logical Not 6 - Subtraction 4 #AND# Logical And 7 = Equals 5 #OR# Logical Or 7 Edit mode is entered when an error in data entry is detected, when you decide to edit an entry, or when you are prompted for information. To edit a cell, select the cell and then select edit, either by pressing [Open Apple] [2] or by clicking on the Status Line in the Control Panel. When you do this, the entry will appear on the Edit line with the cursor at the end of the entry. There are several commands which can be used in the edit mode: [Closed Apple][Up] First character of entry [Closed Apple][Down] Last character of entry [Open Apple][Right] Move 5 characters right [Open Apple][Left] Move 5 characters left [Right arrow] Move 1 character right [Left arrow] Move 1 character left [Delete] Erases character before cursor [Open Apple][Delete] Erases character under cursor [Escape] Cancels editing of entry [Open Apple][9] Changes formula to result @Functions perform a variety of useful time saving tasks. They are introduced with an '@' character and can be typed in either upper or lower case. Be sure to use the correct number of arguments. @COUNT(range)......Counts the number of items in the range members @SUM(range)........Adds the items in the range @AVG(range)........Finds the average of range members @MIN(range)........Finds the minimum value of range members @MAX(range)........Finds the maximum value of range members @STD(range)........Finds the standard deviation of range members @VAR(range)........Finds the variance of range members Math functions: @ABS(value)....Yields absolute value @EXP(value)....Yields value raised to exponential power @INT(value)....Yields the integer portion of value @LN(value).....Yields the natural logarithm of value @LOG(value)....Yields the base 10 logarithm of value @SQRT(value)...Yields the square root of value @MOD(value-1,value-2)..Finds remainder after division of the values @ROUND(value,places)...Rounds value to left or right places of the decimal @COS(angle in radians)..............Yields the cosine of angle @SIN(angle in radians)..............Yields the sine of angle @TAN(angle in radians)..............Yields the tangent of angle @ACOS(cosine of angle in radians)...Yields the arc cosine of angle @ASIN(sine of angle in radians).....Yields the arc sine of angle @ATAN(tangent of angle in radians)..Yields the arc tangent of angle @ATAN2(first value, second value)...(See manual for differences.) @PI.................................Yields the value of Pi @RAND........Yields a random number distributed between 0.0 and 1.0 Logic functions: @TRUE...........Always true (1) @FALSE..........Always false (0) @ISNA(value)....True if the value is not available, otherwise false @ISERR(value)...True if value is undefinable, otherwise false @IF(condition,value-1,value-2)....Returns the first value if condition is true, else the second value. Financial functions: @FV(payment,interest,number-of-terms) Future value of ordinary annuity @PV(payment,interest,number-of-terms) @PMT(principal,interest,number-of-terms) Calculates mortgage payment per term for an ordinary annuity @IRR(best-guess,cash-payment-series) Calculates approximate internal rate of return for cash payments made at regular intervals using your quess at the answer @NPV(initial-payment,interest-rate,series-of-future-cash-flo ws) Calculates net present value of a cash flow series Special functions: @NA......Yields not available "NA" @ERR.....Yields error "ERR" @CHOOSE(x,set-of-values)...Tests logical expressions or performs lookup @HLOOKUP(x,range,offset)...Performs horizontal table lookup @VLOOKUP(x,range,offset)...Performs vertical table lookup Database functions have the format: @function(input-range[arg1],offset[arg2],criterion-range[arg 3]) @DCOUNT(arg1,arg2,arg3).....Counts selected items @DSUM(arg1,arg2,arg3).......Adds selected items @DAVG(arg1,arg2,arg3).......Finds average of selected items @DMIN(arg1,arg2,arg3).......Finds smallest value of selected items @DMAX(arg1,arg2,arg3).......Finds greatest value of selected items @DSTD(arg1,arg2,arg3).......Finds standard value of selected items @DVAR(arg1,arg2,arg3).......Finds variance value of selected items These functions convert between serial and date calendar formats. A Serial date is a count of the number of days since 1-1-1900; useful for calculations. The result would then be converted back to calendar format. @DATE(Year,Month,Day)......Converts serial format to calendar format @TODAY.....................Changes today's date to serial format @DAY(serial-date)..........Yields the calendar day from a serial date @MONTH(serial-date)........Yields the calendar month from a serial date @YEAR(serial-date).........Yields the calendar year from a serial date Macros are user-programmed commands created with key sequences. Values, labels, functions or commands may be included. For example: '/wcs15~ changes the column-width of the current cell to fifteen. /X commands give you the ability to program VIP Professional. Auto-execute macros are built by attaching the macro to the digit zero. Each time you reload the worksheet, the macro is automatically executed. Entering macros: 1. Construct the macro in an empty worksheet cell starting with a label-prefix. 2. Name it with Range Name Create, using [Backslash] and a letter, e.g.: \Q. 3. Use it by pressing [Open Apple] and letter of macro, e.g.: [Open Apple][Q]. Keyboard commands are entered in macros enclosed in braces as shown: {Up}........Up one cell {Down}......Down one cell {Right}.....Right one cell {Left}......Left one cell {Home}......Move Home {End}.......Move to End of data {PgUp}......Pages up {PgDn}......Pages down {Del}.......Deletes {Esc}.......Escape {Bs}........Backspaces {Edit}......Edit function {Name}......Name function {Abs}.......Absolute function {GoTo}......Express function {Window}....Window function {Query}.....Query function {Table}.....Table function {Calc}......Recalculate function {Graph}.....Graph function {?}.........Pauses for input until [Return] is pressed ~...........[Return] To use Single-step mode, press [Open Apple][Shift][1]. Press any key to advance to next step. To stop Single-step mode, press [Open Apple][Shift][1]. /X Commands: /XI(condition)~ Uses if-then condition /XG(location)~ Goes to a location and continues macro /XC(location)~ Goes to a location and calls subroutine /XR Returns from subroutine. Used with /XC /XQ Quits macro execution /XM(location)~ Displays and processes a user-defined menu /XL(message)~(location)~ See /XN /XN(message)~(location)~ Displays prompt in the control panel, accepts a label or number from keyboard & puts it in location Ranges are specified using an anchor and a free cell. Ranges are always rectangular in shape. With movement keys: 1. Move the cell indicator to the start cell of the range and press [.]. 2. Move the cell indicator to the end cell. Use any movement key. 3. Enter the range. Explicit addressing: Type the cell address of the anchor cell. Type [.] then the address of end cell. Enter the range. With Range Names: In response to a command prompt, type in a range name. Press [F3] to choose from a list of existing range names. Changing the Start Cell: Press [.] to rotate the start cell to the next corner in a clockwise direction. [Delete], [Escape] and [Closed Apple] [Escape] may be used during range creation to backstep the process. [Escape] "unexpands" the range and returns to the anchor cell. [Delete] unexpands the range and returns to the current cell. [Closed Apple][Escape] ends ranging. These commands are used to rearrange your worksheet once some data has been entered. Copy duplicates the contents of one cell or range to others and is useful for proliferating data through the sheet. Move rearranges sheet data. bels and formulas. Copying labels or plain values is the most straight forward. First a "From" (source) range or cell is specified followed by a destination "To". It is important to note that Copy erases the previous contents of the cell. When copying formulas you should be aware of absolute, relative and mixed cell addresses. If you use an absolute cell address the formula is transferred to the new cell still referencing the same locations. With a relative cell address the formula values change according to their new location. Mixed cell addresses in a formula are a combination of absolute and relative references. The absolute part of a mixed cell address remains the same and the relative part changes. Move transfers the contents of a cell or range to a new location. Moving cell entries is just like picking them up from one location and placing them at another. Remember the destination will be overwritten. These are powerful commands and should be used with care. The menu is organized in a hierarchy of commands. Start by typing [/]. Menu commands may be chosen by either using the arrow keys then [Return] or by typing the first letter of a selection. To retreat to the previous menu level press [Esc]. To exit directly type [Closed Apple][Escape]. The Professional's most powerful commands are accessed through the menu tree. Worksheet Governs large-scale changes affecting the worksheet Global Affecting entire worksheet Format Sets defaulted display for worksheet values Label-prefix Sets defaulted alignment for worksheet labels Column-width Sets column width for all worksheet columns Recalculation Controls calculation sequencing Protection Enables protection of worksheet cells Default Sets default values for directory and printer Directory Sets current Directory Printer Sets Print configurations Update Saves updated Default commands Status Displays status of Default commands Insert Inserts columns or rows Delete Deletes columns or rows Column-width Changes the width of one column Erase Erases worksheet contents and goes to initial settings Titles Creates or erases worksheet titles Window Splits or clears split window Status Displays worksheet settings and available memory Range Governs Range menu and range-specific commands Format Sets display format for range values Label-prefix Sets default alignment for range labels Erase Erases contents of range cells, keeps formats Name Governs range naming Labels Names one-celled ranges using label cells Justify Sets ragged right margin for a series of labels Protect Protects range cells when global protection is enabled Unprotect Turns off protection of range cells Input Limits movement to input cells which are unprotected File Names and Disk Prefixes: VIP stores files by combining the prefix specified in the Worksheet Global Default Directory command with pathname entered. To save a file to another path ignoring the default prefix, precede the filename with a slash '/'. For example, /Budgets/Data saves the file DATA.WKS to the volume /Budgets ingoring the default prefix. Filenames may consist of letters and numbers. Three types of files are created: Print, Graph and Worksheet. When a file is saved, a file name extension of the appropriate type is added. A file ending in ".prn" contains printer ready information, ".gph" a graph, ".wks" a worksheet. File File management except for saving graph and print files Retrieve Retrieves a worksheet file Save Saves a worksheet file Combine Combines Entire-file or Named-range of saved worksheet eXtract Extracts and saves a portion of current worksheet file List Lists all files of a specified type on disk Import Brings standard ASCII print files to current worksheet Directory Changes current disk and directory (prefix) These commands allow for the controlled printing of a worksheet and the saving of a print file. Printing of graphs is done separately by the GraphPrint program. Printer Sends prepared copy to printer File Saves prepared copy in a print file Range Selects a range for printing Line Adds a line between printings Page Adds the rest of a page between printings Options Governs print options Header Creates a header Footer Creates a footer Margins Sets margin widths Borders Selects rows and columns from the worksheet as borders Set-up Adds control characters to manage printing Page-length Sets the number of lines per page Other Commands for documentation and formatting As-Displayed Prints worksheet as is Cell-formulas Prints the cell contents of all non-blank cells Options Formatted Prints according to the options chosen Unformatted Prints without headers, footers or page breaks. Clear Selectively cancels print specifications Align Informs VIP that the paper is aligned in the printer Go Executes the print of print file save Graphics are featured on the VIP Professional making use of the Apple //'s colors and screen resolution. Here are the tools available to create your picture of a thousand words: Type Select Bar, Stacked-Bar, Pie, Line or XY Graph style X Specifies the X range A-F Choose data ranges Reset Selectively cancel graph settings View Draw most recent graph on screen Save Save graph in graph file Name Governs commands for naming graph settings Create Names a group of graph settings Use Retrieves and draws a graph using named graph settings Delete Cancels one group of named graph settings Reset Cancels all groups of named graph settings Options Governs commands for graph options Legend Creates legends Format Sets format for XY and Line graphs Grid Displays or removes grid lines Color Uses color for contrast between data ranges B&W Uses patterns to contrast data ranges Data-labels Chooses a range to act as labels for data points Titles Choose main, X or Y axis titles for a graph Scale Sets scale to automatic or manual, chooses a skip factor Format Chooses format for scale numbers These commands govern database creation and use. Common operations used in conjunction with a database are query, sort and statistical analyses. Fill............Fills a range sequentially given a set increment Table...........Creates tables to show affects of changes in input cells Query...........Uses criteria to search for information in database Sort............Sorts database using primary and/or secondary key fields Distribution....Finds frequency distribution for a range of values These Dox were extracted from VIP Pro side 2....pathname '/PRO/OVLY/HELPDATA' ,., (O O) Night / ' \ Owl \ / ....\,,,/....